- published: 18 Jan 2012
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Führer ({IPAc-en|ˈ|f|jʊər|ər}}; German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐ]), alternatively spelled Fuehrer in both English and German when the umlaut is not available, is a German title meaning leader or guide now most associated with Adolf Hitler. The word Führer in the sense of guide remains common in German, but because of its strong association with Nazi Germany, it comes with some stigma and negative connotations when used as the meaning of leader. The word Leiter is therefore used instead.
In other languages, the word is used almost exclusively as the epithet for Hitler.
Führer was the unique name granted by Hitler to himself, and this in his function as Vorsitzender (chairman) of the Nazi Party. It was at the time common to refer to party leaders as "Führer", yet only with an addition to indicate the leader of which party was meant. Hitler modelled the title on Benito Mussolini's use of il Duce. It was also inspired by its earlier use by the Austro-German nationalist Georg von Schönerer, whose followers also commonly referred to as the Führer and used the Sieg Heil-salute. Hitler's choice for this political epithet was unprecedented in German. Like much of the early symbolism of Nazi Germany, it was modeled after Benito Mussolini's Italian Fascism. Mussolini's chosen epithet il Duce or "Dux" if Latin ('the Leader') was widely used, though unlike Hitler he never made it his official title. Note that the Italian word Duce (unlike the German word Führer) is no longer used as a generic term for a leader, but almost always refers to Mussolini himself.
Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust.
A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.
Actors: Arved Birnbaum (actor), Jürgen Rißmann (actor), Waldemar Kobus (actor), Wim Wenders (producer), Andrea Hanke (editor), Christian Tasche (actor), Nicholas Bodeux (actor), Christoph Bach (actor), Ingo Haeb (writer), Till Derenbach (producer), Volker Otte (miscellaneous crew), Jens Münchow (actor), Jakob Ilja (composer), Andreas Radtke (editor), Ute Schneider (producer),
Genres: Drama,Actors: Jan Fedder (actor), Benno Hoffmann (actor), Thomas Struck (actor), Lilo Wanders (actress), Gerhard Hahn (writer), Gerhard Hahn (director), Klaus Büchner (actor), Klaus Büchner (actor), Klaus Büchner (actor), Klaus Büchner (composer), Rötger Feldmann (writer), Rötger Feldmann (writer), Rötger Feldmann (actor), Rötger Feldmann (actor), Rötger Feldmann (writer),
Genres: Action, Animation, Comedy,Actors: Mevlüt Koçak (editor), Menderes Samancilar (actor), Cengiz Sezici (actor), Kadir Sözen (producer), Kadir Sözen (actor), Kadir Sözen (director), Kadir Sözen (writer), Ali Tutal (actor), Rainer Lott (actor), Ani Ipekkaya (actress), Gandi Mukli (actor), Ugur Çavusoglu (actor), Meral Yüzgüleç (actress), Sena Rutkay Ünal (actor), Orhan Temur (composer),
Genres: Drama,Actors: Sigi Zimmerschied (actor), Sigi Zimmerschied (actor), Sigi Zimmerschied (director), Sigi Zimmerschied (actor), Sigi Zimmerschied (actor), Sigi Zimmerschied (actor), Sigi Zimmerschied (actor), Sigi Zimmerschied (actor), Andreas Giebel (actor), Andreas Giebel (actor), Andreas Giebel (actor), Andreas Giebel (actor), Therese Affolter (actress), Therese Affolter (actress), Andreas Giebel (actor),
Plot: A series of short, absurd, humouristic episodes taking place in Passau, Bavaria. There is, among others, a documentary piece describing a drinking contest, a clerk's day-dreaming Hitler fantasies, a shy nun struggling to get oriented in a city (then turning into a pianist) during an orgy, a showmaster killing his guests with a thresher... All episodes are loosely glued together by a variation of always the same scene: an annoyed TV show / TV movie producer trying to convince both director and female main character that the last episode is unacceptable with respect to consumer needs and professional standards.
Keywords: absurd, actor-playing-multiple-roles, beaten-to-death, civil-servant, clergywoman, darkness, flail, gloomy, harelip, head-woundActors: Harry Baer (actor), Hark Bohm (actor), Rainer Werner Fassbinder (actor), Ulli Lommel (actor), Kurt Raab (actor), Brigitte Mira (actress), Rainer Werner Fassbinder (producer), Ulli Lommel (writer), Ulli Lommel (director), Michael Fengler (producer), Margit Carstensen (actress), Volker Spengler (actor), Ila von Hasperg (actress), Thea Eymèsz (editor), Armin Meier (actor),
Plot: When Hitler watches Marlene Dietrich in a movie, he falls in love with her. He persuades her to come back to Germany to be with him, but upon her arrival she constantly insults and provokes him until he eventually , on her command, bites the carpet to bits.
Keywords: actress, archive-footage, controversial, dictator, film-clip, hitler, mistress, reenactment, world-war-twoActors: Carl de Vogt (actor), Werner Fuetterer (actor), Else Reval (actress), Alfred Beierle (actor), Léo Lasko (director), Fee Malten (actress), Ernst Morgan (actor), Peter Ihle (actor), Eugenie Kais-Arrowa (actress), Fred Altschul (actor),
Genres: Comedy,Actors: Gösta Nordhaus (actor), Herbert Kluge (actor), Gebr. Siedentopf (actor), A.P. von Gontard (actor), Hans Waldner (actor), K. v. Gontard (producer), Wilhelm de Beer (actor), Baron A. von Dungern (director),
Genres: Adventure, Documentary,