The Book of Werewolves: Being an Account of a
Terrible Superstition - FULL
Audio Book - by
Sabine Baring-Gould
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A survey of the myths and legends concerning lycanthropy from ancient times to the
Victorian Era.
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BACKGROUND ON WEREWOLVES
A werewolf, also known as a lycanthrope (from the
Greek λυκάνθρωπος: λύκος, lykos, "wolf", and ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos, "man"), is a mythological or folkloric human with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf or an therianthropic hybrid wolf-like creature, either purposely or after being placed under a curse or affliction (e.g. via a bite or scratch from another werewolf). This transformation is often associated with the appearance of the full moon.
Early sources for belief in lycanthropy are
Petronius and
Gervase of Tilbury.
In addition to the natural characteristics inherent to both wolves and humans, werewolves are often attributed strength and speed far beyond those of wolves or men.
The werewolf is generally held as a
European character, although its lore spread through the world in later times. Shape-shifters, similar to werewolves, are common in tales from all over the world, most notably amongst the
Native Americans, though most of them involve animal forms other than wolves.
Werewolves are a frequent subject of modern fiction of the fantasy or horror genre. Thus, the ideas that werewolves are only vulnerable to silver bullets or other silver weapons, or that they can cause others to become werewolves by biting or wounding them, derive from
19th-century works of fiction.
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The word werewolf continues a late
Old English wer(e)wulf, a compound of were "man" and wulf "wolf". The only
Old High German testimony is in the form of a given name, Weriuuolf, although an early
Middle High German werwolf is found in
Burchard of Worms and
Berthold of Regensburg. The word or concept does not occur in medieval
German poetry or fiction, gaining popularity only from the
15th century.
Middle Latin gerulphus (Anglo-Norman garwalf,
French loup-garou are loans from an
Old Frankish *wariwulf.[
1] [2]
The term lycanthropy, referring both to the ability to transform oneself into a wolf and to the act of so doing, comes from
Ancient Greek lykánthropos (λυκάνθρωπος): λύκος, lýkos ("wolf") + άνθρωπος, ánthrōpos ("human").[3]
Lycanthropy is but one form of therianthropy, the ability to metamorphose into animals in general. The term therianthrope literally means "beast-man". The word has also been linked to the original werewolf of classical mythology,
Lycaon, a king of
Arcadia who, according to
Ovid's Metamorphoses, was turned into a ravenous wolf in retribution for attempting to serve his own son to visiting
Zeus in an attempt to disprove the god's divinity.
There is also a mental illness called lycanthropy in which a patient believes he or she is, or has transformed into, an animal and behaves accordingly. This is sometimes referred to as clinical lycanthropy to distinguish it from its use in legends.
Despite its origin as a term for man-wolf transformations only, lycanthropy is used in this sense for animals of any type. This broader meaning is often used in modern fictional references, such as in roleplaying game culture.
Another ancient term for shapeshifting between any animal forms is versipellis, from which the
English words turnskin and turncoat are derived.[4] This
Latin word is similar in meaning to words used for werewolves and other shapeshifters in
Russian (oboroten) and Old Norse (hamrammr).
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- published: 07 Feb 2013
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