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United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union (sometimes referred to by the neologisms Brexit or Brixit for "British exit" and "Britain's exit" respectively) is sought by Eurosceptics who believe Britain would be better off outside the trading bloc. No member state has ever left the European Union although in a 1975 referendum, the United Kingdom voted to stay in its precursor the European Economic Community, after having joined in 1973.
In January 2013, British Prime Minister David Cameron promised a referendum on British membership of the European Union if the Conservative Party are returned to power at the next general election.
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In mid-2012, the terms Brexit and Brixit were coined for the concept of the United Kingdom ceasing to be a member of the European Union. These slang terms are portmanteau words formed from Britain or British and exit.[1][2][3][4] The Centre for European Reform has been credited with the invention of the term Brexit,[5] though it was previously used by The British Resistance.[6] The term Brixit was coined by the Economist columnist Bagehot,[3] in the article A Brixit looms, dated 21 June 2012.[7]
No member state has ever left the European Union, although 3 former territories of EU member states have withdrawn from the EU (or its predecessors): Algeria (1962), Greenland (1985) and Saint Barthélemy (2012) with the latter two becoming Overseas Countries and Territories of the European Union.
Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a member state to voluntarily withdraw from the EU. The defunct European Constitution did include such a provision but the Lisbon Treaty did.
The treaty introduces an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from the Union. This formalises the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the European Council that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin. If no other agreement is reached the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification.
In January 2013, Prime Minister David Cameron said in Davos at the World Economic Forum that he would seek a referendum on British withdrawal from the European Union. His government would legislate for a referendum before leaving office and, if re-elected, would hold it within the first half of their next term of office. This would mean the referendum would be held by the end of 2017 at the latest.[8]
Cameron promised that the referendum would be preceded by a renegotiation of the terms of British membership of the EU and that these revised terms would be put before the British people in an "in/out" referendum. Political leaders in the EU rebuked the possibility of British renegotiation of its membership of the Union and publicly supported Britain's continued membership. Public polls in France and Germany favoured a British exit.[8] The President of the United States warned against a British exit from the European Union, arguing that it would undermine British influence in Europe, the foundation of the modern-day "Special Relationship" between the U.K. and the U.S..[9]
Cameron had previously rejected a referendum on Britain's EU membership, but suggested the possibility of a future referendum to ensure the UK's position within an evolving EU has "the full-hearted support of the British people".[10]
Nikki Sinclaire (MEP) launched a campaign for a referendum in July 2010 with the aim to collect 100,000 signatures calling for a referendum on the UK’s continued membership in the European Union.[11] The Campaign's first roadshow was held in Stoke-on-Trent on 29 July 2010[12] and has since visited over 50 towns and cities in the West Midlands. Alongside her weekly road shows, she created a magazine which is currently in its 4th issue. The magazine has gathered cross party support. As of August 2011, the petition has attracted over 100,000 signatures.[13]
An electronic petition, set-up by the Daily Express, attracted more than 59,000 signatures from its creation in August 2011 to its end in August 2012.[14]
Date (survey taken) | Leave | Stay | Unsure | Sample | Held by | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13-15 November 2012 | 56% | 30% | 14% | 1,957 | The Observer[15] | Northern Ireland not sampled |
27-28 November 2012 | 51% | 30% | 19% | YouGov[16] | ||
2-3 January 2013 | 46% | 31% | 22% | YouGov[16] | ||
10-11 January 2013 | 42% | 36% | 21% | 1,995 | YouGov[17] | Northern Ireland not sampled |
17-18 January 2013 | 34% | 40% | 25% | 1,912 | YouGov[18] | Northern Ireland not sampled |
20-21 January 2013 | 40% | 37% | 24% | YouGov[16] | ||
23 January 2013 | 40% | 37% | 23% | 2,000 | Populus[19] | |
25 January 2013 | 50% | 36% | 16% | 1,005 | Survation/Mail on Sunday[20] | Northern Ireland not sampled |
Le Parisien, a French daily newspaper, found that 52% of French voters were in favour of the UK withdrawing from the EU. [21]
Man infected like railroad series
Man infected like tinsel
Man infected as socialite
Man infected remembers
As it so decides the sights he sees
As he redirects one's energies
Like commercial sequences
Man infected like lighter fluid
Man infected by sign language
Photon radio camp ostrich
Man enticed by rice - OK?
As it decides the signs he reads
as it redirects his efficiency