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Thomas Alva Edison (
February 11, 1847 –
October 18, 1931) was an
American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "
The Wizard of Menlo Park",[3] he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with
the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.[4]
Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the
United Kingdom,
France, and
Germany. More significant than the number of
Edison's patents was the widespread impact of his inventions: electric light and power utilities, sound recording, and motion pictures all established major new industries world-wide. Edison's inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph
operator. Edison developed a system of electric-power generation and distribution[5] to homes, businesses, and factories – a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power station was on
Pearl Street in Manhattan,
New York.
Thomas Edison was born in
Milan, Ohio, and grew up in
Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of
Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896, born in
Marshalltown, Nova Scotia) and
Nancy Matthews
Elliott (1810–
1871, born in
Chenango County, New York).[6] His father, the son of a
Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from
Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern
Ontario (then called
Upper Canada), in a village known as
Shewsbury, later
Vienna, by 1811.
Samuel Jr. eventually fled Ontario because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie
Rebellion of 1837.[7] His father, Samuel Sr., had earlier fought in the
War of 1812 as captain of the
First Middlesex Regiment. By contrast, Samuel Jr.'s struggle found him on the losing side, and he crossed into the
United States at Sarnia-Port
Huron.
Once across the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. His patrilineal family line was
Dutch by way of
New Jersey; the surname had originally been "Edeson."[8]
His mother taught him at home.[9] Much of his education came from reading
R.G. Parker's
School of Natural Philosophy and
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of
Science and
Art.[10]
Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections.
Around the middle of his career, Edison attributed the hearing impairment to being struck on the ears by a train conductor when his chemical laboratory in a boxcar caught fire and he was thrown off the train in
Smiths Creek, Michigan, along with his apparatus and chemicals. In his later years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.[11][12]
Edison's family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, after the railroad bypassed
Milan in 1854 and business declined.[
13] Edison sold candy and newspapers on trains running from
Port Huron to
Detroit, and sold vegetables to supplement his income. He also studied qualitative analysis, and conducted chemical experiments on the train until an accident prohibited further work of the kind.[14]
Edison obtained the exclusive right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the
Grand Trunk Herald, which he sold with his other papers.[14] This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures, as he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to found 14 companies, including
General Electric, which is still one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world.