Legcuffs, shackles, footcuffs, fetters or leg irons are a kind of physical restraint used on the feet or ankles to allow walking but prevent running and kicking. The term "fetter" shares a root with the word "foot".

With respect to humans, typically only prisoners or bondage fetishists will wear shackles. A shackled animal is typically either a dangerous animal or one prone to escape.

Metaphorically, a fetter may be anything that restricts or restrains in any way, hence the word "''unfettered''".

History

The earliest fetters found in archaeological excavations date from the prehistoric age and are mostly of the puzzle lock type. Roman times already see a variety of restraint types. Some early versions of cup lock shackles can already be found. These were widely used in medieval times but their use declined when mass production made the manufacture of locks built into restraints affordable.

Simple fetter types continue to be used like puzzle lock shackles as the typical slave iron or irons riveted shut for prisoners being transported to overseas prison camps. The First built-in locks often were of a simple screw-type but soon developed into the "Darby" type. In Europe these continued to be used into the middle of the 20th century, whereas in the US from the late 19th century onwards many new designs were invented and produced before handcuffs and leg irons of the Peerless type became the standard several decades ago.

A recent development of the last few decades are high security restraints that incorporate a cylinder lock that is more difficult to pick than the lock on standard type cuffs.

Controversial use

In comparison to handcuffs the wearing of leg irons may be found less restrictive. Thus the prison authorities in several countries deem their long term use acceptable. In order to avoid condoning this disputed practice the countries of the European Union have banned exporting leg irons into non-EU countries.Civilising the torture trade, by Steve Wright, The Guardian, Thursday March 13 2003COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1236/2005 of 27 June 2005, concerning trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment The countries that continue to make prisoners wear fetters long term now tend to resort to manufacturing their own restraints.

BDSM Activities

These are widely used in BDSM activities on the submissive by the dominant. This can be used as a restrain to the movement of the submissive in tease and denial and also in tie and tease. This is widely used as a part of the scene in various BDSM activities such as human furniture, bondage, public humiliation, and animal roleplay.

See also

Handcuffs

Thumbcuffs

Leg

Hobble (device)

Bilboes

References

Category:Law enforcement equipment Category:Physical restraint Category:Foot

de:Fußschellen he:אזיקי רגל nl:Voetboeien pt:Grilhão ru:Кандалы

name	Tyrone Willingham
birth date	December 30, 1953
birth place	Kinston, North Carolina
sport	Football
overall record	76–88–1
bowl record	1–4
cfbdwid	2525
championships	1 Pac-10 (1999)
awards	George Munger Award (2002)Home Depot Coach of the Year Award (2002)
player years	1975–1977
player teams	Michigan State
player positions	Quarterback, wide receiver
coach years	19771978–19791980–19821983–19851986–19881989–19911992–1994 1995–20012002–20042005–2008
coach teams	Michigan State (GA)Central Michigan (DB)Michigan State (DB/ST)NC State (DB/ST)Rice (WR/ST) Stanford (RB)Minnesota Vikings (RB)StanfordNotre DameWashington
cfbhof id	}}

Lionel Tyrone "Ty" Willingham (born December 30, 1953) is a former American football player and coach. He was the head coach at Stanford University (1995–2001), the University of Notre Dame (2002–2004), and the University of Washington (2005–2008), compiling a career college football record of 76–88–1.

Early career

Willingham attended Jacksonville Senior High School in Jacksonville, North Carolina and lettered in football, basketball, and baseball. He went on to Michigan State University where he played football and baseball and graduated in 1977 with a degree in physical education. Willingham held assistant coaching positions at his alma mater (1977, 1980–82), Central Michigan University (1978–79), North Carolina State University (1983–85), Rice University (1986–88), and Stanford University (1989–91). When Stanford head coach, Dennis Green, was hired as the Minnesota Vikings head coach in 1992, Willingham followed him as running backs coach (1992–94).

Head coaching positions

Stanford

Following the 1994 season, despite lacking experience as a head coach or coordinator, Willingham was appointed head coach of the football program at Stanford, succeeding Bill Walsh. In his seven seasons (1995–2001) as coach, he led the Cardinal to a 44–36–1 record and four bowl game appearances. In 2000, he was presented with the Eddie Robinson Coach of Distinction Award that is given annually to honor "an outstanding college football coach and role model for career achievement".

His best team was the 1999 unit, which won the school's first outright Pacific-10 Conference title in 29 years and appeared in the 2000 Rose Bowl. Low points for the 1999 Stanford season included a 69–17 loss to Texas, a 44–39 loss to San Jose State, and a 35–30 loss at Washington where Huskies quarterback Marques Tuiasosopo passed for 300 yards and ran for 200. Willingham's 44 wins were the most by a Stanford coach since John Ralston, who left the school for the Denver Broncos of the NFL after the 1971 season.

Notre Dame

On December 31, 2001, Willingham was hired as head coach at Notre Dame.

2002

Willingham began the 2002 season by going 8–0, and went on to become the only first-year coach in Notre Dame history to win 10 games. For his efforts he was named the ESPN/Home Depot College Coach of the Year, the Scripps College Coach of the Year, the Black Coaches Association Male Coach of the Year, and the George Munger Award College Coach of the Year by the Maxwell Football Club.

In the 2002 regular-season finale, ND was blown out by arch-rival USC, 44–13, and was outgained 610–109—the worst such margin in school history. That loss knocked ND from a likely Bowl Championship Series berth down to the 2003 Gator Bowl—where they were summarily routed by North Carolina State, 28–6.

2003

The 2003 team finished 5–7 and was beaten badly in four of those losses, getting shut out twice in one season for the first time since 1960 and finishing with a point differential of 243–315—the worst of any Fighting Irish team since the 2–8 team of 1956.

2004

In 2004, Notre Dame posted a 6–5 record in the regular season, including a 41–16 loss to Purdue (The second-worst home loss ever to PU) and ending with Willingham's third consecutive loss to USC for his fifth loss by 30 points or more, and eighth by 22 points or more, in his three seasons. The following Tuesday, November 30, after an overall record in South Bend of 21–15, Notre Dame terminated Willingham as head coach. Defensive coordinator Kent Baer served as acting head coach for the Insight Bowl, a 38–21 loss to Oregon State.

Washington

On December 13, 2004, Willingham was hired as the new head coach at Washington, succeeding Keith Gilbertson. The Huskies returned 19 of 22 starters from the previous season, in which they had gone 1–10 (0–8 in conference play).

Willingham's primary task was to change the program's image. He did not allow his players to have hair below their shoulders. He was also known to show up in classes unannounced to make sure the players were attending.

As chance would have it, Willingham found himself facing his former team on September 24, 2005. Notre Dame prevailed, 36–17. His first season at Washington ended with a 2–9 record (1–7 in conference play, tied for 9th place), capped by a scuffle after a close loss to Washington State that left Willingham "embarrassed" and vowing that it would not happen again.

2006

His 2006 Washington team started October with a 4–1 record, with its most notable victory a stunning 29–19 upset over previously undefeated UCLA, before losing its next 6 games after starting quarterback Isaiah Stanback suffered a season ending foot injury in a loss to Oregon State in their sixth game. The Huskies ended the season at 5–7 (3–6 in conference play, 9th place), this time defeating state rival Washington State (WSU) by three points. This win held WSU from defeating the Huskies for three years in a row, something that has never happened in the history of the century-long rivalry.

2007

The 2007 Washington Huskies football team faced what a preseason CBS Sports opinion piece called "the toughest schedule in the country" Washington went on to a 4–9 record overall (2–7 in conference play, 10th place) with wins against Syracuse University, Boise State University, Stanford University, and California. There was considerable debate after the season was over about whether Willingham should be fired as no other coach in the history of the program had ever tallied three straight losing seasons. Washington State won the Apple Cup again, making it 3 out of the last 4. In the end, it was decided that he would return for the upcoming season with the expectation that the team become more competitive. Additionally, several boosters were pleased at Willingham's effort to clean up the program.

2008

Willingham's stiff demeanor resulted in a somewhat acrimonious relationship with fans, boosters, and the Seattle media. The turning point came at the end of his third (losing) season when there was a big question as to whether he would be retained. However President Emmert gave him a vote of confidence and he was retained for a fourth year. The fans were hugely divided, with many sites calling for his firing.

The 2008 season started off inauspiciously with #21 Oregon defeating Washington 44–10. This marked the first time Oregon had ever beaten Washington five times in a row in the history of the century-long rivalry. The second game against #15 BYU was a nail biter and Washington scored the final touchdown in the final minute. The PAT would have tied the game, however a controversial unsportsmanlike conduct penalty was called against quarterback Jake Locker who had thrown the ball up in the air in celebration after scoring the touchdown. This moved the PAT attempt to 35 yards which was blocked and the BYU escaped with a 28–27 victory. In the next game, the Huskies were dismantled 55–14 by the #3 Oklahoma Sooners, giving the overmatched Huskies their greatest margin of defeat at home since 1929. In the fourth game, the Huskies lost to Stanford leaving them as the only winless team in a BCS conference. The Huskies were without a sack, leaving them as the only school without a sack at this point of the season. It was the second 0–4 start in the last 5 years and only the fourth time ever in the history of the program. Starting quarterback Jake Locker was lost for the season, injuring his left hand during a block on a reverse.

In the fifth game, Arizona put Washington away early and the game ended with a 48–14 wipeout of the Huskies. This was the biggest margin of victory by Arizona over Washington ever, and started a watch of just how bad the team could get. The Huskies had a flat performance in their sixth game to lose to Oregon State 34–13. This was the fifth consecutive loss to the Beavers, something that had never happened in the long history of the series. Game 7 was another loss versus his former team Notre Dame. The Huskies were nearly shutout in suffering a 33–7 loss that left them 0–7 and ineligible for a bowl game yet again. On October 27, 2008, seven games into the 2008 season, Willingham announced that his contract was being terminated and he would be leaving UW after the regular season. Game 8 was a shutout by powerful USC.

At 0–11, Washington was the only winless team in the FBS, and the owner of a 13 game losing streak stretching from the last season. Washington closed out the season with a loss at Washington State in double-overtime, making it four of the last five, and with a season ending loss at California. Willingham finished the season with an 0–12 record, the Huskies' first winless season in 119 years. His .229 winning percentage is the worst in school history.

After coaching and family

Willingham served as President on the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) Board of Trustees in 2008. On July 18, 2010, at the age of 56, Tyrone Willingham announced he was retired from coaching. Willingham is married and has three children, Cassidy, Kelsey and Nathaniel, with his wife, Kim. Cassidy was a gymnast at the University of Denver from 2003 to 2006.

Head coaching record

*Fired before Insight Bowl

References

External links

Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:African American coaches of American football Category:American football quarterbacks Category:Central Michigan Chippewas football coaches Category:Michigan State Spartans football coaches Category:Michigan State Spartans football players Category:Minnesota Vikings coaches Category:NC State Wolfpack football coaches Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches Category:People from Lenoir County, North Carolina Category:Rice Owls football coaches Category:Stanford Cardinal football coaches Category:Washington Huskies football coaches