This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch gulden — from Old Dutch for 'golden'. The guilder originated as a gold coin (hence the name) but has been a common name for a silver or base metal coin for some centuries. The name has often been interchangeable with florin.

The guilder was used most in the Netherlands (as the Dutch guilder), until it was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2002. The Netherlands Antillean guilder is currently the only guilder which is in use, which after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles remained the currency of the new countries Curaçao and Sint Maarten and (until 1 January 2011) the Caribbean Netherlands.

One-and-a-half guilder was called a daalder (see thaler); two-and-a-half guilder was called a rijksdaalder. The word daalder/thaler is the origin of dollar.

• Current guilder:
  • Netherlands Antillean guilder (Curaçao and Sint Maarten).
• Former currencies in the Kingdom of the Netherlands:
  • Dutch guilder
  • Surinamese guilder
  • Netherlands Indies gulden
  • Netherlands New Guinean gulden
• Proposed currency in the Kingdom of the Netherlands
  • Caribbean guilder (Curaçao and Sint Maarten)

Historical guilders or guldens:

• Austro-Hungarian gulden
• British Guianan guilder
• Danzig gulden
• South German gulden
• Rhenish gulden (florenus Rheni) issued by Trier, Cologne and Mainz (de:Rheinischer Münzverein)

Popular culture[link]

Literature[link]

• Guilder and Florin are two fictional nations in the book and movie The Princess Bride.

References[link]

See also[link]

Other coin names that are derived from the gold of which they were once made:

• Öre, øre
• Złoty
• Hungarian forint

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)

The Jayhawks
Gary Louris and Mark Olson of the Jayhawks in May 2009.
Background information
Origin	Minneapolis, Minnesota
Genres	Alternative country, alternative rock
Years active	1985–present
Labels	Bunkhouse Records Twin Tone Def American Rounder Records
Website	www.jayhawksofficial.com
Members
Gary Louris Marc Perlman Mark Olson Karen Grotberg Tim O'Reagan
Past members
Norm Rogers Thad Spencer Ken Callahan Kraig Johnson Jessy Greene Jen Gunderman Stephen McCarthy

The Jayhawks are an American alternative country and rock band that emerged from the Twin Cities music scene during the mid 1980s. Their country rock sound was influential on many bands who played the Twin Cities circuit during the 1980s and 1990s like Uncle Tupelo, The Gear Daddies and The Honeydogs. They have released several studio albums, including five on the American Recordings label. On hiatus from 2005 to 2009, the band has since reunited and released a new album, "Mockingbird Time," in September 2011.^[1]

History[link]

The band formed in 1985 in Minneapolis, Minnesota with Mark Olson (acoustic guitar and vocals), Gary Louris (electric guitar and vocals), Marc Perlman (bass) and Norm Rogers (drums).^[2] Their first album The Jayhawks was released by Bunkhouse Records, a small independent label, in 1986. Their music at the time, mostly written by Olson, showed a strong roots/country-rock influence. Rogers left to be replaced by Thad Spencer and the band worked for the next years on demo tapes in search of a major label recording contract. During this period, Louris left the band briefly (following a car accident) and Dan Gaarder replaced him. Louris returned and the sum of the collected demos from 1986-1989 were brought together to create Blue Earth, released on the Minneapolis label Twin Tone in 1989. On this album Gary Louris shared more of the songwriting with Olson. After touring the U.S. in support of Blue Earth, Spencer left the band due to commitments at home with his business. He was replaced by Ken Callahan in 1988 who stayed with the band until 1993.

In 1991, Dave Ayers, the president of Twin Tone, was on a phone call with A&R representative George Drakoulias from Def American while Blue Earth played in the background. Drakoulias asked about the music, and eventually met with and signed the band to the label later that year.^[2]

In 1992 the Jayhawks had their major label release, Hollywood Town Hall, on Def American.^[2] The album was produced by Drakoulias and recorded primarily in Los Angeles and at Pachyderm Recording Studio in Minnesota. Though Louris' fuzzy guitar was at the forefront, a clear folksy influence was also emerging in Olson and Louris' songwriting. The album was a hit, powered by the single "Waiting for the Sun", and it brought the Jayhawks a wider fanbase.^[3]

Adding Karen Grotberg on the keyboards and vocals, the band toured extensively.^[2] In 1995 they went into the studio to produce Tomorrow the Green Grass on the renamed American Recordings label. Lead track "Blue" turned out to be a Top 40 hit in Canada (peaking at #33), but the record's production had been very expensive and the album failed to sell as expected in the U.S. Among the album's songs is "Miss Williams' Guitar," a love song for Olson's then-girlfriend, singer-songwriter Victoria Williams (the pair later married, but divorced in February, 2006). Drummer, singer and songwriter Tim O'Reagan joined the band for the 1995 tour; session drummer Don Heffington had played on the album.

By the end of 1995, Olson unexpectedly left the band to spend more time with Williams (with whom he would later form the Original Harmony Ridge Creekdippers). The band continued to record as The Jayhawks, adding Kraig Johnson on guitar. Johnson, another Minneapolis musical fixture, played in seminal SST band Run Westy Run, Iffy and Golden Smog.^[3]

The Jayhawks released Sound of Lies in 1997, with Louris composing most of the songs and allowing all of his influences a share in the proceedings. The result mixed straight rock (the ironic "Big Star"), psychedelic, acoustic (the title track) and even some dub elements, taking the band far from its country-influenced origins. Although the band's sound was often described as Alt-country, or Americana, the majority of its music bore more of a resemblance to the vast oeuvre of Neil Young than to Hank Williams.^{[citation needed]}

Smile (2000), produced by Bob Ezrin, had more of a pop music feel (which utilized new sounds for the band like drum loops and synthesizers), jarring some of the band's long-time fans. The New York Times positively reviewed the album, but in a nod to the band's lack of widespread recognition, titled the review "What If You Made A Classic And No One Cared?" Though still a member through the recording of the album, Grotberg left the band before the Smile tour, and was replaced by Jen Gunderman. The song "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" appeared in a Ralph Lauren commercial, the second soundtrack released from Dawson's Creek "Songs from Dawson's Creek Volume 2", and the 2001 film All Over the Guy.

Rainy Day Music (2003), was stripped down, more acoustic, and generally seen as a return to their alt-country roots ("Tailspin," "Stumbling Through the Dark," "You Look So Young"). The band now consisted of founding members Louris and Perlman, along with drummer O'Reagan, and touring band member ex-Long Ryder Stephen McCarthy, from Richmond, VA who also played with Johnny Hott and The Piedmont Surprise. McCarthy added pedal steel, lap steel, banjo, guitar and backing vocals to the album and subsequent live shows.^[4] This lineup toured in 2003 and early 2004, including their first ever appearance on PBS's long running series, Austin City Limits. The band's final show was in Valencia, Spain.

In addition to their studio albums, the Jayhawks released Live From the Women's Club, an all-acoustic live recording of Louris/Perlman/O'Reagan from 2002. It was sold only at concerts as an "Official Jayhawks Bootleg." It includes the demo to the original version of "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" called "Someone Will", and includes a cover of David Wiffen's "(Lost My) Driving Wheel", originally popularized by Tom Rush.^[5] A follow-up, Live From the Women's Club 2, contains the rest of the concert, including a cover of Tim Hardin's "Reason To Believe" and a rendition of "Jennifer Save Me" from Golden Smog, the alt/country supergroup of which Louris was a founding member (and which Perlman later joined).

Olson and Louris toured together in the winter of 2005 and spring of 2006, billed as "From the Jayhawks: An Evening with Mark Olson & Gary Louris, Together Again."^[6] Both old and new Jayhawks members progressed to solo efforts and side projects, and the band as a whole was generally considered to be broken up, and not expected to produce new material soon. However, the band members appear to keep in touch, tour together in their other projects, and have been known to "reunite" on occasion.

In September 2008, the 1995 lineup of Louris, Olson, O'Reagan, Grotberg and Perlman reunited^[7][8] for the Azkena Rock Festival in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.

In January 2009, Olson and Louris released an acoustic album titled Ready for the Flood.^[9]

In April 2009, Billboard reported that the Jayhawks have reunited. The band's mid 1990s lineup will play two shows this summer: One at Barcelona's Primavera Sound Festival on May 30 and one at Minneapolis's Basilica Block Party on July 10. Band co-leader Gary Louris told Billboard that the reunion will be a part-time thing: "I think the plan is that we're going to play festivals. Next year, we're hoping to play Bonnaroo and things like that. We'll see if it grows from there."

In July 2009, Sony Legacy and American Recordings released Music from the North Country, The Jayhawks Anthology a project supervised by Louris. The standard CD features highlights from the band's studio albums, while a deluxe version adds rarities, B-sides, and unreleased material, as well as a DVD of the band's music videos.

On May 18, 2010, the initial release The Jayhawks was digitally remastered from reel-to-reel and reissued on Lost Highway Records. The re-release features an eleven-page booklet designed by Mark Olson. At its release, it was also featured as a $4.99 digital download from Amazon. In fall 2010, the Jayhawks returned to the recording studio, planning to have a new album out by spring or early summer 2011.^[1]

In January 2011, Legacy Recordings reissued collector's editions of both Hollywood Town Hall and Tomorrow the Green Grass, each featuring outtakes and B-sides. Tomorrow the Green Grass features a second disc entitled The Mystery Demos, featuring tracks from two Olson/Louris recording sessions that took place in 1992. Prior to the release of The Mystery Demos, several of the featured tracks had been re-recorded and released on various Jayhawks related albums, such as Mark Olson's solo release, The Salvation Blues and the Olson/Louris collaboration Ready for the Flood. To celebrate the release of the reissues, The Jayhawks - Louris, Olson, Perlman, Grotberg, and O'Reagan - launched a concert mini-tour in January 2011, with shows in Toronto (1/18), New York City (1/20-21), Philadelphia (1/22), Chicago (1/27-28), and Minneapolis (1/29). For the Jan. 20 show at New York's Webster Hall, the band performed Hollywood Town Hall in its entirety, followed by the complete Tomorrow the Green Grass the following evening.^[10]

After a hiatus, in 2011 the band reunited and recorded a new album. The lineup consists of Mark Olson, Gary Louris, Marc Perlman, Karen Grotberg, and Tim O'Reagan, and, as Louris says, "Our goal is to make the best Jayhawks album that's ever been done". 18 songs had been recorded, 16 of them new, but only 12 will be on the record.^[11] The album, Mockingbird Time, was released September 20.

Band Members[link]

The current lineup of The Jayhawks consists of:

• Mark Olson: guitar, lead vocals, backing vocals
• Gary Louris: guitar, lead vocals, backing vocals
• Tim O'Reagan: drums, backing vocals
• Karen Grotberg: keyboards, backing vocals
• Marc Perlman: bass

Timeline[link]

<timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20 PlotArea = left:110 bottom:60 top:0 right:20 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1985 till:2012 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom ScaleMajor = increment:2 start:1985

Colors =

id:Bass   value:blue   legend:Bass
id:Keyboard value:red    legend:Keyboard
id:Guitarvox value:green  legend:Guitar,_vocals
id:Lead  value:yellow  legend:Guitar
id:Drums  value:purple legend:Drums
id:Violin  value:orange  legend:Violin

BarData =

bar:Olson text:"Mark Olson"
bar:Louris text:"Gary Louris"
bar:Perlman text:"Marc Perlman"
bar:Rogers text:"Norm Rogers"
bar:Spencer text:"Thad Spencer"
bar:Callahan text:"Ken Callahan"
bar:Grotberg text:"Karen Grotberg"
bar:O'Reagan text:"Tim O'Reagan"
bar:Johnson text:"Kraig Johnson"
bar:Greene text:"Jessy Greene"
bar:Gunderman text:"Jen Gunderman"
bar:McCarthy text:"Stephen McCarthy"

PlotData=

width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
bar:Louris from:start till:end color:Guitarvox
bar:Olson from:start till:1995 color:Guitarvox           
bar:Perlman from:start till:end color:Bass     
bar:Rogers from:start till:1988 color:Drums
bar:Spencer from:1988 till:1990 color:Drums 
bar:Callahan from:1990 till:1994 color:Drums
bar:O'Reagan from:1995 till:end color:Drums
bar:Grotberg from:1992 till:1998 color:Keyboard
bar:Gunderman from:1998 till:2001 color:Keyboard
bar:Johnson from:1996 till:2001 color:Lead  
bar:McCarthy from:2003 till:2005 color:Lead
bar:Greene from:1996 till:1998 color:Violin
bar:Olson from:2008 till:end color:Guitarvox
bar:Grotberg from:2008 till:end color:Keyboard

</timeline>

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Compilation albums[link]

Singles[link]

Mark Olson & Gary Louris[link]

• Ready for the Flood (2009)

Other appearances[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jayhawks Fan Page (long established fan run website)
• Drummer, Tim O'Reagan's page
• Official Jayhawks Lost Highway Artist Page
• The latest "official" page

Robert Deodaat Emile (Ootje) Oxenaar (born 7 October 1929 at The Hague) is a Dutch graphic artist.

Ootje Oxenaar studied visual arts at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague. From 1966 until 1985 he worked for the Nederlandsche Bank, where he designed two series of banknotes.

External links[link]

• Gallery of posters

& Images of banknotes by Oxenaar

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