- published: 22 Jun 2011
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Phylogenetics /ˌfaɪloʊdʒəˈnɛtɪks, -lə-/ (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον - phylé, phylon = tribe, clan, race + γενετικός - genetikós = origin, source, birth) – in biology – is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms (e.g. species, or populations). These relationships are discovered through phylogenetic inference methods that evaluate observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences or morphology under a model of evolution of these traits. The result of these analyses is a phylogeny (also known as a phylogenetic tree) – a hypothesis about the history of evolutionary relationships. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living organisms or fossils. Phylogenetic analyses have become central to understanding biodiversity, evolution, ecology, and genomes.
Taxonomy is the classification, identification and naming of organisms. It is usually richly informed by phylogenetics, but remains a methodologically and logically distinct discipline. The degree to which taxonomies depend on phylogenies (or classification depends on evolutionary development) differs depending on the school of taxonomy: phenetics ignores phylogeny altogether, trying to represent the similarity between organisms instead; cladistics (phylogenetic systematics) tries to reproduce phylogeny in its classification without loss of information; evolutionary taxonomy tries to find a compromise between them.
006 - Phylogenetics Paul Andersen discusses the specifics of phylogenetics. The evolutionary relationships of organisms are discovered through both morphological and molecular data. A specific type of phylogenetic tree, the cladogram, is also covered. Do you speak another language? Help me translate my videos: http://www.bozemanscience.com/translations/ All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory-system-warm-blooded-bg.jpg. B, Lennert. English: Modification of Original Schematic, March 5, 2012. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Circulatory-system-reptiles-bg.jpg/508px-Circulatory-system-reptiles-bg.jpg. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reptilian_circulatory_system.PNG...
Phylogenetics
This lecture explains the construction of phylogenetic tree and properties of phylogenetic tree. For more information, log on to- http://shomusbiology.weebly.com/ Download the study materials here- http://shomusbiology.weebly.com/bio-materials.html Question source - www.indiabix.com
Paul Andersen shows you how to construct a cladogram from a group of organisms using shared characteristics. He also discusses the process of parsimony in cladogram construction. He then explains how modern cladograms are constructed and walks through a cladogram of primates. Intro Music Atribution Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav Artist: CosmicD Link to sound: http://www.freesound.org/people/CosmicD/sounds/72556/ Creative Commons Atribution License
Hank tells us the background story and explains the importance of the science of classifying living things, also known as taxonomy. Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2L2C Table of Contents 1) Taxonomy 0:00 2) Phylogenetic Tree 1:24 3) Biolography 2:26 4) Analogous/Homoplasic Traits 3:48 5) Homologous Traits 4:03 6) Taxa & Binomial Nomenclature 4:56 7) Domains 5:48 a) Bateria 6:04 b) Archaea 6:44 c) Eukarya / 4 Kingdoms 6:54 -Plantae 7:56 -Protista 8:23 -Fungi 8:56 -Animalia 9:31 taxonomy, classification, classifying, evolution, fi...
The science of taxonomy and where humans fit into the tree of life More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=oHvLlS_Sc54
This video describes how evolutionary theory has influenced our approach to classifying living organisms, and how common ancestry explains the shared traits present in many lineages of living organisms. This video also compares the practices of cladistics and phylogenetics as tools for classifying living organisms, with examples on how to build an evolutionary tree using genetic and morphological similarities.
BIO153 Phylogenetics Animation ONE: Part 1 of 2 Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPvEPMs1TI Created and Produced by: W. Ahmed in collaboration with Dr. Monika Havelka (c) University of Toronto - 2010 All Rights Reserved.
http://j.mp/2c3KzFU
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyses hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree.Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision. Article available under a Creative Commons license Image source in video
In biology, phylogenetics /ˌfaɪloʊdʒəˈnɛtɪks, -lə-/ is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms .These relationships are discovered through phylogenetic inference methods that evaluate observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences or morphology under a model of evolution of these traits.The result of these analyses is a phylogeny – a diagrammatic hypothesis about the history of the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms.The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living organisms or fossils, and represent the "end," or the present, in an evolutionary lineage. ---Image-Copyright-and-Permission--- About the author(s): Original uploader was User:TimVickers, SVG conversion by User:User_A1 License: Public domain Author(s): User:...
This video talks about the procedures we use to reconstruct (estimate) phylogenetic trees from data that we have available. The criteria of parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian probabilities are contrasted. Lastly, the using of bootstrapping to indicate degrees of confidence in trees and portions of trees is described.
This video Looks at a few examples of using a phylogenetic approach to answering biological questions. The origins of HIV and the relationships between dog breeds are discussed in details and other possible questions are mentioned.
This video introduces the terms synapomorphy, symplesiomorphy, and homoplasy which are critical for understanding which traits provide useful information about relationships and which types of data muddies the pattern. This video also introduces the terms monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic which describe the nature of groups of taxa within a larger set with regard to their shared ancestries. The possibility for disagreements between classification and phylogenetics is discussed. Lastly, outgroups and branch lengths are described.
This video introduces the use of a phylogenetic tree to indicate relationships between taxa. These relationships arise from shared ancestries and explain the nested hierarchy organization of biological life as described by Linnaeus. The terms taxon, taxa, taxonomy, phylogeny are introduced. Lastly, the proper way to interpret a tree in terms of showing historical divergences is described.
ECOGEO 'Omics Training: 4.4 Phylogenetics Introduction to phylogenetics - theory & hands-on workflow: sequence selection, alignment, tree-building
Understanding and building phylogenetic trees or cladograms
A brief history of computational phylogenetics I will discuss the history of the use of computers to infer phylogenies, starting in the late 1950s and giving particular emphasis to the introduction of the major methods in the 1960s. Much of this history I watched happen, from 1965 on. In particular I will explain the way that work in biological systematics, in population genetics, and in molecular evolution of multiple species gave rise to the early methods. I will touch on the controversies that developed in the 1970s and 1980s, a period of intense conflict over what should be the logical foundation of the reconstruction of phylogenies. Computational phylogenetics is becoming continually more statistical and continually less connected to the separable task of erecting a biological classi...
Liam Revell, UMass Boston and Klaus Schliep, University of Paris December 15, 2011
Sebastien Roch, University of Wisconsin-Madison Evolutionary Biology Boot Camp http://simons.berkeley.edu/talks/sebastien-roch-2014-01-21
Speaker: Natalie Cooper Abstract: Phylogenetic Comparative Methods make numerous assumptions and suffer from biases in the same way as any statistical method, but these issues are often inadequately assessed in empirical studies. Such issues are the responsibility of end users but also of methods developers: the tools and approaches used to fit models are often far more user-friendly and better documented than the methods used to to assess whether that model fit is reasonable. I will discuss these issues, along with new research on detecting and accounting for them, and suggest ways of encouraging better dialogue between method developers and method users. This presentation was part of the Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5th Anniversary Symposium. To see other videos from the Symposium,...
Joe Felsenstein (Univ. of Washington) gives a talk entitled "Comparative method and phylogenies" at the Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics 2015 Tutorial held at NIMBioS August 10–15, 2015. For more information, please follow the link: http://www.nimbios.org/tutorials/TT_eqg2015