This article is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page. Thanks! (January 2011)

Robert Barclay (23 December 1648 – 3 October 1690) was a Scottish Quaker, one of the most eminent writers belonging to the Religious Society of Friends and a member of the Clan Barclay. He was also governor of the East Jersey colony in North America through most of the 1680s, although he himself never resided in the colony.

Parents[link]

Barclay was born at Gordonstoun in Moray, Scotland. His father Col. David Barclay of Urie had served under Gustavus Adolphus, and pursued a somewhat tortuous course through the troubles of the civil war. His mother was Katherine Gordon (1620–1663) the daughter of Sir Robert Gordon 1st Bart of Gordonstoun (1580–1654). He was the eldest of five children.

Education[link]

Robert was sent to finish his education at the Scots College, Paris, of which his uncle^[1] was Rector, and made such progress in study as to gain the admiration of his teachers, specially of his uncle, who offered to make him his heir if he would remain in France, and join the Roman Catholic Church.

Quaker convincement and marriage[link]

In 1667, however, he followed the example of his father, and joined the recently formed Society of Friends after returning to Scotland. Soon afterwards he began to write in defence of the movement, by publishing in 1670 Truth cleared of Calumnies, and a Catechism and Confession of Faith (1673). In 1670 he had married another Quaker, Christian Mollison (c.1651–1722), of Aberdeen. They had seven children: three sons (Robert, David and John) and four daughters (Patience, Catherine, Christian and Jean).^[2][3]

Writings[link]

He was an ardent theological student, a man of warm feelings and considerable mental powers, and he soon came prominently forward as the leading apologist of the new doctrine, winning his spurs in a controversy with one William Mitchell. The publication of fifteen Theses Theologiae (1676) led to a public discussion in Aberdeen, each side claiming a victory. The most prominent of the Theses was that bearing on immediate revelation, in which the superiority of the Inward Light of Christ to reason or scripture is sharply stated. He was noted as a strong supporter of George Fox in the controversies that tore into Quakers in the 1670s. His greatest work, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity, was published in Latin at Amsterdam in 1676, and was an elaborate statement of the grounds for holding certain fundamental positions laid down in the Theses. It was translated by its author into English in 1678, and is claimed to be "one of the most impressive theological writings of the century".^[4] It is a weighty and learned work, written in a dignified style, and was eagerly read.

Persecution[link]

The Apology, however, failed to arrest the persecution to which the Quakers were exposed, and Barclay himself, on returning from Europe, where he travelled extensively (once with William Penn and George Fox), and had several interviews with Elisabeth, Princess Palatine, was several times thrown into prison, but soon regained his liberty, and was in the enjoyment of Court favour.

Influence[link]

In later years he had much influence with James II, who as Duke of York had given New Jersey to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. After Carteret's death his half (East Jersey) was sold in 1682 to twelve people, eleven of whom were members of the Society of Friends. One of the eleven Quaker proprietors was William Penn, and after expanding to include a larger number of proprietors, the group elected Barclay to be the governor. He is said to have visited James with a view to making terms of accommodation with William of Orange, whose arrival was then imminent.

His latter years were spent at his estate of Ury, where he died.

The essential view which Barclay maintained was that all people can be illuminated by the Inward Light of Christ which is the author of the Scriptures and will lead them into all truth. His works have often been reprinted.

Notes[link]

See also[link]

• List of Governors of New Jersey

References[link]

•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barclay, Robert". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• Encyclopædia Britannica website
• Cousin, John William (1910). " Barclay, Robert". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource 

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Robert Barclay

• An Apology For the True Christian Divinity by Robert Barclay

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Joan Barclay (August 31, 1914 – November 22, 2002) was an American film actress of the 1930s and 1940s, starring mostly in B-movies and cliffhangers, with her career starting during the silent film era.

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

Barclay was born Mary Elizabeth Greear in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Her family moved to California when she was still a child due to her mother wishing to escape the cold climate of the north. Moving to Hollywood to pursue acting, Barclay received her first role at the age of 13, which was credited with her billed as "Geraine Greear", in the 1927 film The Gaucho, starring Douglas Fairbanks and Lupe Vélez. It would be her only silent film. In 1930, still billed as Geraine Greear, she had a minor role in King of Jazz. From 1932 to 1935 she would have thirteen uncredited film roles, which included an uncredited role in the 1932 film 42nd Street, which was Ginger Rogers' breakthrough movie.

Career in B-movies[link]

Then, in 1936, her career changed for the better when she began starring in westerns opposite some of Hollywood's leading cowboy stars, to include Tom Tyler, Hoot Gibson, and Tom Keene. These roles would start a career for her in B-movies, and would be what she is most remembered for today.

Her first western starring role was opposite Tom Tyler in Ridin' On, followed by Feud of the West alongside Hoot Gibson, Glory Trail with Tom Keene, and Men of the Plains with Rex Bell, all being in 1936. That year she received roles in other B-movies that were not westerns as well, including the 1936 crime drama Prison Shadows, which starred Lucille Lund and Edward J. Nugent, and the action/adventure film Phantom Patrol starring opposite Kermit Maynard.

From early 1936 to 1939, Barclay had both starring and supporting roles in a total of thirty five films, almost all of which were B-movies, many of which were westerns, serials, or cliffhangers. Most had her playing the role of the heroine opposite the films hero. During the latter part of the 1930s she starred alongside such cowboy stars as Slim Whitaker, Tim McCoy, Ben Corbett, Tex Fletcher, and also rejoined Edward J. Nugent in the 1937 adventure film Island Captives. Joan Barclay ( my mother ) second husband was Leroy Hillman, she had a son, Lloyd, and a daughter Donna Hillman- Walsh ( me ) sorry I cant remember her first husbands name, but I recall she was very young and only married to this man about one year. She was married to my father about twenty three years, then later married George Sullivan. Golf and Bridge were her favorite past times.

Later years[link]

By 1940, Barclay was working steadily, averaging better than six films per year. From 1940 to 1945 she appeared in thirty four films. However, by 1943 she had begun receiving more and more uncredited roles, a trend which would only increase with time. In 1944 she appeared in six films, four of which were uncredited. In 1945 she starred in the Charlie Chan mystery The Shanghai Cobra. It would be her last film. She retired from acting, but for a time she remained in the Los Angeles area.

She married three times in her lifetime, with her having children from her first marriage, which lasted from 1945 to 1967, ending in divorce. A second marriage was short-lived, and also ended in divorce. Her last marriage was to George Sullivan, with whom she remained until his death. The couple eventually settled in Palm Desert, California, where she was residing at the time of her death on November 22, 2002.

External links[link]

• Joan Barclay at the Internet Movie Database
• Joan Barclay at AllRovi
• Geraine Greear at AllRovi
• Joan Barclay at Find a Grave

Robert Charlebois

Robert Charlebois, OC, OQ (born June 25, 1944) is a Quebec author, composer, musician, performer and actor. He is an important figure in French language song.

Charlebois was born in Montreal, Quebec. Among his best known songs are Lindberg and Je reviendrai à Montréal. His lyrics, often written in joual, are funny, relying upon plays on words. He won the Sopot International Song Festival in 1970.

In 1970 he sang with Italian singer Patty Pravo the Italian song La solitudine.

The Quebec-based microbrewery Unibroue was owned, in part, by Charlebois until it was purchased by Sleeman Breweries in 2004 which in turn was bought by Japanese beer brewing giant Sapporo in 2006.

Honors[link]

• In 1999, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada.^[1] In 2008, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

• Charlebois will be one of the four musicians who will be pictured on the second series of the Canadian Recording Artist Series to be issued by ‎Canada Post stamps on July 2, 2009.^[2]

• On June 21, 2010, Charlebois received an honorary doctorate ^[3] from Concordia University in Montreal. In his acceptance speech he made the remark that this was the first post-secondary diploma he had received in his life.

Music in films[link]

• C.R.A.Z.Y. (2004) by Jean-Marc Vallée with Michel Côté and Marc-André Grondin
• Sauve-toi, Lola (1986) by Michel Drach with Carole Laure, Jeanne Moreau
• La Fiancée qui venait du froid (1983) by Charles Nemes with Thierry Lhermitte, Barbara Nielsen
• Un génie, deux associés, une cloche (1975) by Damiano Damiani, Sergio Leone with Terence Hill, Miou-Miou
• L'Agression (1975) by Gérard Pirès with Jean-Louis Trintignant, Catherine Deneuve
• Deux Femmes en or (1970) by Claude Fournier with Monique Mercure, Louise Turcot
• Entre la mer et l'eau douce (1967) by Michel Brault with Geneviève Bujold, Claude Gauthier

Brief album discography[link]

Charlebois at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.

• Doux Sauvage - 2001 La Tribu
• Le Chanteur Masqué - 1997 WEA
• La Maudite Tournée Live - 1995 WEA
• Cartier L'Opéra - 1993 Scorpio
• Immensément - 1992 Scalen'disc
• Dense - 1988 Scalen'disc
• Super Position - 1985 Scalen'disc
• Solide - 1979 Scalen'disc
• Swing Charlebois Swing - 1977 Scalen'disc
• Longue Distance - 1976 Scalen'disc
• Lindberg - 1974 Arcade
• Solidaritude - 1973 Scalen'disc
• Fu Man Chu - 1972 Scalen'disc
• Un Gars Ben Ordinaire - 1971 Scalen'disc
• Québec Love - 1969 Scalen'disc
• Robert Charlebois Vol.2 - 1966 Scalen'disc
• Robert Charlebois Vol.1 - 1965 Scalen'disc

References[link]

External links[link]

• (French) http://www.robertcharlebois.com