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Pakistan formed part of the
Mughal Empire, and more recently, together with
India and
Bangladesh, was part of the
British Empire. On independence in
1947 the state of Pakistan was formed with two wings,
West and East. In
1971, after a war,
East Pakistan seceded and became the separate country of Bangladesh. Pakistan has five main ethnic groups of its
147 million population, they speak seven main languages and 97% of them are Muslim.
Note to images: where not attributed, the pre-1975 pictures are taken from ‘
Women of Pakistan’, a book produced by the
Government of Pakistan for
International Women’s Year,
1975.
,
Women in political struggle Prior to independence from
British rule and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 a number of women were involved in the struggles for female emancipation and independence from colonial rule.
Women’s dress depended, then as now, on region, class and occasion. The sheer variety of dress has dwindled over the years with a move towards shalwar kurtas (baggy trousers and tunics) becoming the standard.
,Mohtarma
Miss Fatima Jinnah, sister of
Pakistan’s founder,
Mohammed Ali Jinnah, was prominent in all public arenas and the first Muslim woman to contest the presidency in
1965.
Raana Liaqat Ali, wife of Pakistan’s first
Prime Minister, and founder of the
All Pakistan Women’s Association was the first woman ambassador and provincial governor.
,
Fatima Jinnah and Raana Liaqat Ali both wore the ghararas, a loose divided skirt. Ghararas are now only worn in weddings.
,
Shaista Ikramullah, representing Pakistan in a UN conference 1956-57
Jahanara Shahnawaz
,The two women members of the first
Constituent Assembly (1946-54) are both in saris.
Saris were commonly worn by urban professional women in
West Pakistan (now Pakistan) until the late
1970s. ,
Demonstration in front of Women’s
Jail,
Lahore, which had in it many
Muslim women arrested by the
British Government. A pro-independence procession of Muslim women in pre-independence days.
“
The national struggle threw many women into the limelight as determined freedom fighters.
Hundreds of them filled
British jails. The story of the young girl who, defying the
Police, scaled the walls to hoist the
Muslim League flag atop the
Punjab Assembly building in Lahore, has now become a legend.”
,
Begum Nusrat Bhutto, 1975, wife of the Prime Minister on the frontispiece of ‘Women of Pakistan’ wearing a sari. So called ‘Islamization’ under
General Zia ul Haq’s dictatorship (1977-1988) branded the sari as an ‘unIslamic’ form of dress. The sari is now making a comeback in fashionable circles but sarong-like lungis and laachas as well as other traditional dresses considered ‘peasant’ wear are steadily disappearing.
“The dream of an egalitarian social order based on a just and democratic economic system will never come true if the female half of the population continues to be the subservient sex.” Begum Nusrat Bhutto, wife of PrimeMinister Zulfikhar
Ali Bhutto,
March 1975. Pakistan took an active part in the 1975 International Women’s Year and Nusrat led the delegation to the UN’s first women’s conference in 1975.
,
Women’s Action Forum protests the rape and murder of the
Masoom sisters.Lahore,
1987.
Azhar Jafri ,Women in
Karachi protesting against water shortages in
2001.
Note that the photographer has chosen to show the women with covered faces, and perhaps they have chosen to cover for reasons of anonymity.
AFP,
The Nation,
March 2001 ,Women activists of
Pakistan Peoples Party (one of two major political parties) protest against Maulana Niazi’s fatwa against
Benazir Bhutto.
Ishaq Chaudhry – The Muslim 12
August 1992 ,Women from one of the mainstream politico-religious parties Jamaat-e-Islami protesting outside the
Supreme Court against
Qazi Hussain Ahmed’s imprisonment – one of the leaders of the Jamaat-e-Islami. They have filed a petition against his arrest and are therefore making the ‘
- published: 17 May 2016
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