Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals

The chemical elements can be broadly divided into metals, metalloids and nonmetals according to their shared physical and chemical properties. All metals have a shiny appearance (at least when freshly polished); are good conductors of heat and electricity; form alloys with other metals; and have at least one basic oxide. Metalloids are metallic-looking brittle solids that are either semiconductors or exist in semiconducting forms, and have amphoteric or weakly acidic oxides. Typical nonmetals have a dull, coloured or colourless appearance; are brittle when solid; are poor conductors of heat and electricity; and have acidic oxides. Most or some elements in each category share a range of other properties; a few elements have properties that are either anomalous given their category, or otherwise extraordinary.

Shared properties

Metals

Metals appear lustrous (beneath any patina); form mixtures (alloys) when combined with other metals; tend to lose or share electrons when they react with other substances; and each forms at least one predominately basic oxide.

Block (periodic table)

A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. The term appears to have been first used by Charles Janet. The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same atomic orbital type. Each block is named after its characteristic orbital; thus, the blocks are:

The block names (s, p, d, f and g) are derived from the spectroscopic notation for the associated atomic orbitals: sharp, principal, diffuse and fundamental, and then g which follows f in the alphabet.

The following is the order for filling the "subshell" orbitals, according to the Aufbau principle, which also gives the linear order of the "blocks" (as atomic number increases) in the periodic table:

For discussion of the nature of why the energies of the blocks naturally appear in this order in complex atoms, see atomic orbital and electron configuration.

The "periodic" nature of the filling of orbitals, as well as emergence of the s, p, d and f "blocks" is more obvious, if this order of filling is given in matrix form, with increasing principal quantum numbers starting the new rows ("periods") in the matrix. Then, each subshell (composed of the first two quantum numbers) is repeated as many times as required for each pair of electrons it may contain. The result is a compressed periodic table, with each entry representing two successive elements:

Periodic table (electron configurations)

References

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Lithium

Lithium (from Greek: λίθος lithos, "stone") is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. For this reason, it is typically stored in mineral oil. When cut open, it exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic. Lithium occurs in a number of pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion, is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines and clays. On a commercial scale, lithium is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.

The nuclei of lithium verge on instability, since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides. Because of its relative nuclear instability, lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though the nuclei are very light in atomic weight. For related reasons, lithium has important links to nuclear physics. The transmutation of lithium atoms to helium in 1932 was the first fully man-made nuclear reaction, and lithium-6 deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in staged thermonuclear weapons.

Lithium Technologies

Lithium Technologies provides social customer experience management software for the enterprise. Headquartered in San Francisco, Lithium has additional offices in London, Austin, Paris, Sydney, Singapore, New York, and Zürich.

Lithium was founded in 2001 as a spin-out from GX Media, which created technologies for professional rankings and tournaments and now hosts a number of popular gaming sites. The company's founders include brothers Lyle Fong and Dennis Fong, who together also founded GX Media, as well as Kirk Yokomizo, John Joh, Nader Alizadeh, Michel Thouati, Michael Yang, and Matt Ayres. The company sells largely to enterprise customers, including HP, Best Buy, Research In Motion, Sony, Comcast, Symantec, and AT&T.

The Lithium Social Customer Experience Management Platform combines online customer community applications such as forums, blogs, innovation management, product reviews, and tribal knowledge bases with the broader social Web and traditional CRM business processes, resulting in a wide range of online customer interaction methods. Lithium's SaaS-based platform delivers products on-demand in a hosted environment rather than as traditional, packaged software. Stemming from its gaming roots, the platform incorporates elaborate rating systems for contributors, with ranks, badges, and “kudos counts.”

Lithium (Sirius)

Lithium is a 1990s grunge and alternative rock channel airing on Sirius XM Radio channel 34 and Dish Network channel 6034. It debuted on Sirius Satellite Radio on February 14, 2007, moving SIRIUS Disorder to channel 32 and later to channel 70. An update was sent to all Sirius radios which corrected the issue where Lithium was called "'90s Alternative" and the Stiletto radios displayed the Sirius logo.

The Sirius radios and website displayed the channel as "Lithium." It took its name from the Nirvana song, Lithium. Lithium was the first all-1990s channel since I-90 signed off on November 4, 2002.

While the primary focus is grunge and alternative rock, the channel also played bands from the late 1990s wave of nu metal and alternative metal, such as Limp Bizkit, Orgy and Slipknot.

Merger with Lucy

On November 12, 2008, during the Sirius/XM channel merger, the XM channel Lucy was renamed as Lithium. Whereas the old Lithium didn't feature adult album alternative bands such as The Cranberries or Crash Test Dummies, Lucy featured those artists. The Lucy playlist dropped all the 2000s music already played on its sister Alt Nation channel, and Lucy took on the Lithium name. Mediabase lists Lithium as X054-FM rather than S024-FM.