Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon, or Marechal Rondon (May 5, 1865 – January 19, 1958) was a Brazilian military officer who is most famous for his exploration of Mato Grosso and the Western Amazon Basin, and his lifelong support of Brazilian indigenous populations. He was the first director of Brazil's Indian Protection Bureau (SPI/FUNAI) and responsible for the creation of the Xingu National Park. The Brazilian state of Rondônia is named after him. He was made Marshal, the highest military rank in Brazil.

He was born on 5 May 1865 in Mimoso, a small village in Mato Grosso state. His father was of Portuguese ancestry, and his mother was an Indian from the Bororo people. Both of his parents died when he was 9 and he was raised by his grandparents.^{[clarification needed]} After finishing high school at the age of 16, he taught elementary school for two years, and then joined the Brazilian army. On joining the military, he entered officer's school and graduated in 1888 as a second lieutenant. He was also involved with the Republican coup that overthrew Pedro II, the last Emperor of Brazil.