Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. Resistance movements are sometimes also referred to as "the underground".
Among the most notable resistance movements were the Yugoslav Partisans, the Polish Home Army, the Soviet partisans (at varying periods, each of them could be seen as the largest resistance movement in World War II), the French Forces of the Interior, the Italian CLN, the Norwegian Resistance, the Greek Resistance and the Dutch Resistance.
Many countries had resistance movements dedicated to fighting the Axis invaders, and Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi movement. Although Britain did not suffer the Nazi occupation in World War II, the British made preparations for a British resistance movement, called the Auxiliary Units, in the event of a German invasion. Various organizations were also formed to establish foreign resistance cells or support existing resistance movements, like the British SOE and the American OSS (the forerunner of the CIA).
John Henrik Clarke (January 1, 1915 — July 16, 1998), born John Henry Clark, was a Pan-Africanist American writer, historian, professor, and a pioneer in the creation of Africana studies and professional institutions in academia starting in the late 1960s.
He was Professor of African World History and in 1969 founding chairman of the Department of Black and Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College of the City University of New York. He also was the Carter G. Woodson Distinguished Visiting Professor of African History at Cornell University’s Africana Studies and Research Center. In 1968 along with the Black Caucus of the African Studies Association, Clarke founded the African Heritage Studies Association.
Born as the eldest child 1 January 1915 in Union Springs, Alabama to sharecroppers John (Doctor) and Willie Ella (Mays) Clark. He renamed himself John Henrik (after rebel playwright Henrik Ibsen) and adding an "e" to his surname Clarke, as a symbol. Counter to his father's wishes for him to be a farmer, Clarke left Alabama in 1933 by freight train and went to Harlem, New York, where he pursued scholarship and activism.
Sanjay Kak is an independent documentary film-maker whose recent film Words on Water (2003) on the anti-dam movement in the Narmada Valley in Central India has been widely screened in India and abroad, including at film festivals in Durban, Hong Kong, Locarno and Turin. In 2003 the film won Best Long Film prize at the Internacional Festival of Environmental Film & Video, Brazil, and prizes at Envirofilm, Slovakia; Vatavaran Environmental Film Festival, New Delhi; and International Video Festival, Trivandrum.
His film In the forest hangs a bridge (1999) received the “Golden Lotus” for Best Documentary Film at the 1999 National Film Awards in India. The film also won the “Asian Gaze” Award at the Pusan Short Film Festival, Korea. His recent work includes One Weapon (1997), a video about democracy in the 50th year of Indian independence, and Harvest of Rain (1995), made in association with the Centre for Science & Environment, New Delhi.
His films on the theme of migration, looking at people of Indian origin in the fringes of the city of London This Land, My Land, Eng-Land! (1993) and in post-apartheid South Africa A House and a Home (1993) have been widely screened. He has also produced and directed Cambodia: Angkor Remembered (1990), a reflection on the monument and its place in Khmer society.