Jainism timeline Pre-history Prior to 10th Century BCE The first 22 Tīrthaṇkara — Ṛṣabha to Neminātha.

History The age of Tīrthaṇkaras 2000–1500 BCE Terracotta seals excavated at site suggest links of Jainism with Indus Valley civilization. Mention of Jain Tīrthaṇkaras in Vedas indicates pre-historic origins of Jainism. 877–777 BCE The period of Pārśva, the 23rd Tīrthaṇkaras 599–527 BCE The age of Māhavīra, the 24th Tīrthaṇkaras of Jainism 527 BCE Nirvāṇa of Māhavīra, Kevala Jñāna of his chief disciple Ganadhara Gautama and origin of Divāli. The age of Kevalins 523 BCE As per Jain cosmology, the end of the 4th āra Duḥṣama-suṣamā and start of 5th āra Duḥṣama (sorrow and misery). The age of sorrow is said to have started three years and eight and a half months after the nirvana of Māhavīra. 527–463 BCE The Reign of the Kevalins — Gautama, Sudharma and Jambusvami The age of Shruta-kevalins 463–367 BCE The reign of the Shruta-kevalins. First Council held at Pataliputra for compilation of Jain Agamas. Gradual loss of Purvas. Start of Schism in Jainism in two main sects — Śvetāmbara and Digambara. 320–298 BCE The reign of Chandragupta Maurya. became a Jain ascetic at the end of his reign. 2nd century BCE Kharavela, reign of King of Kalinga (Orissa). Reinstallation of Jina image taken by Nanda Kings of Magadha as per Hathigumpha inscription The Agamic Age 156 CE Recitation of Ṣaṭkhaṇdāgama and Kaṣāyapahuda by Ācārya Dharasena to ĀcāryaPuṣpadanta and Ācārya Bhūtabali in Candragumpha in Mount Girnar. (683 years after Māhavīra) 2nd Century CE Kundakunda, founder of Mūla sangha– the main Digambara ascetic lineage. 2nd – 3rd Century CE Compilation of Tattvārthasūtra by Umāsvāti (Umāsvāmi). This was the first major Jain work in Sanskrit. 300 CE Two simultaneous councils for compilation of Āgamas, 827 years after Māhavīra – Mathura Council headed by Ācārya Skandila and The First Valabhi Council headed by Ācārya Nāgārjuna. 453 or 466 CE Second Valabhi Council headed by Devarddhi Ganin, that is, 980 or 993 AV – Final redaction and compilation of Śvetāmbara Canons. The Age of Logic 4th – 16th Century CE, also known as the age of logic, was the period of development of Jain logic, Philosophy and Yoga. Various original texts, commentaries and expositions were written. The main Ācāryas were Samantabhadra, Siddhasena Divākara, Akalanka, Haribhadra, Mānikyanandi, Vidyānandi, Prabhācandra, Hemacandra, Yaśovijaya. For a detailed chronological list of Jain philosopher-monks see Jain Philosophers. It was also a period of formation of modern Jain communities and extensive Jain contribution to Sanskrit, Tamil, Kannada, Hindi and Gujarati Literature. 981 CE Construction of Gommaṭeśvara – Statue of Lord Bāhubalī (18 meters- 57 feet, worlds tallest monolithic free standing structure), at Sravana Belagola, Karnataka by Cāmuṇḍarāya, the General-in-chief and Prime Minister of the Gaṅga kings of Mysore. 10th Century CE Emergence of Śvetāmbara Gacchas out of which, most prominent are Tapā Gachha, and Kharatara Gaccha 11th–12th Century CE Construction of Delwara temples at Mount Ābu built by the Jain ministers of the king of Gujarat, Vastupāla and Tejapāla 13th Century CE Emergence of institution of Bhattāraka 1474 CE Establishment of non-image worshipping Śvetāmbara sect of Sthānakvasi established by a Jain layman, Lonka Shah. 1506 CE Establishment of Taranapantha Digambara sect 1683 CE Establishment of Digambara sect of Terapantha by a Śvetāmbara layman, Banarasidas 1760 CE Separation of Ācārya Bhikṣu from Sthānakavasi and establishment of Śvetāmbara Terāpantha sect. 1901 CE Establishment of Kavi Pantha based on the teachings of Srimad Rājacandra (1867 – 1901) 1934 CE Separation of Kānjisvāmi from Sthānakavasi and establishment of Digambara Kānjipantha

Jainism
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Jainism Portal v t e

Jain doctrine teaches that Jainism has always existed and will always exist,^[1][2][3] although historians date the foundation of the organized or present form of Jainism to sometime between the 9th and the 6th century BC.^[4][5] Like most ancient Indian religions, Jainism has its roots from the Indus Valley Civilization, reflecting native spirituality prior to the Indo-Aryan migration into India.^[6][7][8] Other scholars suggested the shramana traditions were separate and contemporaneous with Indo-Aryan religious practices of the historical Vedic religion.^[9]

Indus Valley Civilization[link]

Contemporary historians like Ram Prasad Chandra, Vilas Sangave^[10], Heinrich Zimmer^[11], John Marshall, Thomas McEvilley^[12], P.R. Deshmukh^[13] and Mircea Eliade are of the opinion that there exists some link between the first Jain Tirthankar Rishabha and the Indus valley civilization.

Ram Prasad Chanda, who supervised Indus Valley Civilisation excavations, states^[14] that, “Not only the seated deities on some of the Indus seals are in Yoga posture and bear witness to the prevalence of Yoga in the Indus Valley Civilisation in that remote age, the standing deities on the seals also show Kayotsarga (a standing or sitting posture of meditation) position. The Kayotsarga posture is peculiarly Jain. It is a posture not of sitting but of standing. In the Adi Purana Book XV III, the Kayotsarga posture is described in connection with the penance of Rsabha, also known as Vrsabha.”^[15]

Christopher Key Chappel also notes some other possible links with Jainism.^[16] Seal 420, unearthed at Mohenjodaro portrays a person with 3 or possibly 4 faces. Jain iconography frequently depicts its Tirthankaras with four faces, symbolizing their presence in all four directions. In addition, Depictions of a bull appear repeatedly in the artifacts of the Indus Valley. Richard Lannoy, Thomas McEvilley and Padmanabh Jaini have all suggested that the abundant use of the bull image in the Indus Valley civilization indicates a link with Rsabha, whose companion animal is the bull. This seal can be interpreted in many ways, and authors such as Christopher Key Chappel and Richard Lannoy support the Jain interpretation.^[16]

Timeline[link]

Before common era (BCE)[link]

• 877–777 BCE: Parshva, 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism. He is the earliest Jain leader who can be reliably dated.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22]}
• 599–527 BCE: Mahavira, 24th and last Tirthankar of this era.^[23]
• 5th century BCE: Siddhasen Diwakar
• d. 507 BCE: Ganahar Sudharma Swami
• d. 357 BCE: Acharya Bhadrabahu
• d. 162 BCE: Hathigumpha inscription mentions the Navkar Mantra and Jain monarch Kharvela.^[24][25]
• 2nd century BCE: Navakar Mantra epigraphically attested in Maharashtra

Common era (CE)[link]

• 1st century CE: Acharya Kundkund born
• 87 CE: Pushpadanta starts to write Shatkhandagam
• 156 CE: Bhutbali completes writing of Shatkhandagam
• 454 CE: Devardhigani compiles Jain Agams
• 5th century CE: first mention of the Mula Sangh order
• 7th century CE: 8000 Tamil Jains massacred in Madurai

Middle Ages[link]

• 9th century
  • Life of Nemichandra, a famous Jain author.
  • The Tirumalai complex in Tamil Nadu is established.
• 10th century: Svetambara
• 1172: Acharya Hemachandra
• 12th century: Kashtha Sangh
• 1194: Tristutik
• 1229: Tapa Gachchha
• 1476: Lonka Shaha schism
• 1664: Digambar Terapanth
• 1658: Digambara Jain Lal Mandir temple in Delhi built.
• 1760: Swetembar Terapanth
• 1780: Sthanakvasi and Terapanthi orders

British India[link]

• 1868: Jain temple in Mumbai
• 1880s: reform movement of Acharya Rajendrasuri
• 1893: Virachand Gandhi participates in Chicago's World Parliament of Religions& Won Silver Medal.
• 1904: Jain temple at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
• 1927: Madras High Court in Gateppa v. Eramma and others recognizes "Jainism as a distinct religion"

Post-Partition[link]

• 1970s: significant presence of Jainism in the United States
• 1975: Monolithic statue of Bahubali is installed at Dharmasthala, Karnataka, India under the auspices of D. Rathnavarma Heggade and Mathrushree D. Rathnamma Heggade, members of Dharmasthala's Jaina lineage who also manage the local Shivaite temple. Carving work began in 1966 under the sculptor Rejala Gopalkrishna Shenoy of Karkala.
• 1976: In Arya Samaj Education Trust, Delhi & Others v. The Director of Education, Delhi Administration, Delhi & Others (AIR 1976 Delhi 207), the Court referred to Heinrich Zimmer's Philosophies of India describing Jainism as "a heterodox Indian religion" and J. N. Farquhar's Modern Religious Movements in India describing Jainism as "a rival of Hinduism."
• 1981: First Jain convention in Los Angeles
• 1983: Formal organization of JAINA (Jain Associations in North America)
• 1990: Temple Pratishtha, The Jain Sangh Cherry Hill, New Jersey
• 1990: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Metropolitan Washington
• 1991: Founding of Siddhachalam, the Jain tirtha
• 1993: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Metropolitan Chicago
• 1995: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Center of Cincinnati and Dayton
• 1998: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Greater Detroit
• 2000: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Center of Northern California (JCNC)
• 2000: Jain Vishwa Bharati Orlando
• 2005: the Supreme Court of India declined to grant Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India, leaving it to the respective states to decide on the minority status of Jainis.
• 2006: the Supreme Court opined that "Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of the Hindu Religion." (Para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India.)
• 2008: Delhi city government declares Jain community as a minority as per the Supreme Court Orders.

See also[link]

Jainism portal

• Jain philosophy
• Jainism
• Tirthankar
• Shramana
• Buddhism and Jainism
• Timeline of Buddhism

References[link]

External links[link]

• History & Evolution of Sramanic Jain Culture- Bal Patil

v t e Jainism topics 24 Tirthankars of Jainism  · Rishabha or Adinath · Ajitnath · Sambhavanath · Abhinandannath · Sumatinath · Padmaprabha · Suparshvanath · Chandraprabha · Pushpadanta · Sheetalnath · Shreyansanath · Vasupujya · Vimalnath · Anantnath · Dharmanath · Shantinath · Kunthunath · Aranath · Mallinath · Munisuvrata · Naminatha · Neminath · Parshva · Mahavira Philosophy  · Anekāntavāda · Aparigraha · Syādvāda · Nayavāda · Jain Cosmology · Ahimsa · Karma · Dharma · Nirvana · Kevala Jñāna · Mokṣa · Dravya · Navatattva By country  · India · Canada · Europe · United States · Japan · Singapore · Hong Kong · Pakistan · Belgium Jainism Portal

Rakesh K. Jain is the Andrew Werk Cook Professor of Tumor Biology at Massachusetts General Hospital in the Harvard Medical School. Dr. Jain primarily researches tumor pathophysiology. His work on cancer therapies led to discovery of an alternate use of Herceptin, an anti-tumor cell pharmaceutical compound produced by Genentech, as an inhibitor for blood vessel growth necessary for tumor growth.^[1] His award-winning work on tumor biology has been recognized by a number of professional recognitions, including the following awards in 2006:

• Distinguished Service Award, Nature Biotechnology-Miami Symposium on Angiogenesis
• Outstanding Achievement Award, Society of American Asian Scientists in Cancer Research
• Robert L. Krigel Lecture, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia
• Alpha Chi Sigma Research Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
• Benjamin Zweifach Distinguished Lecture, The City College, New York

Dr. Jain received his B.Tech. degree from the Indian Institutes of Technology in Chemical Engineering in 1972 and received his M.Ch.E. and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Delaware in 1974 and 1976, respectively. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Academy of Sciences.

Research work[link]

Dr. Jain's Taming Vessels To Treat Cancer, published in Scientific American of January 2008, describes his work in solid cancer tumors. The main theory suggested in this article is to normalize the tumor blood vessels in order to improve the effect of chemotherapy and radiation treatment. This can be achieved using angiogenesis inhibitor drugs, and has shown promise in reducing edema in mice with glioblastoma.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

External links[link]

• Curriculum Vitae at Harvard Medical School

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