(SALADIN)صلاح الدين الأيوبي مترجم فلم كامل El Naser Salah Al Din
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (
Arabic:
صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب;
Kurdish:
سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی , Selahedînê Eyûbî;
Persian: صلاح الدين أيوبی;
Turkish: Selahattin Eyyubi) (1137/1138 -- March 4, 1193), better known in the
Western world as
Saladin, was the first
Sultan of Egypt and
Syria and the founder of the
Ayyubid dynasty. A Muslim of Kurdish[
1][2][3] origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition against the
European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included
Egypt, Syria,
Mesopotamia, Hejaz,
Yemen, and other parts of
North Africa.
Originally sent to
Fatimid Egypt by his
Zengid lord
Nur ad-Din in 1163, Saladin climbed the ranks of the
Fatimid government by virtue of his military successes against
Crusader assaults on its territory and his personal closeness to the caliph al-Adid. When Saladin's uncle Shirkuh died in 1169, al-Adid appointed Saladin vizier, a rare nomination of a
Sunni Muslim to such an important position in the
Shia Muslim-led caliphate. During his term as vizier, Saladin began to undermine the Fatimid establishment and following al-Adid's death in 1171, he took over government and realigned the country's allegiance with the Baghdad-based
Abbasid Caliphate. In the following years, he led forays against the Crusaders in
Palestine, ordered the successful conquest of Yemen and staved off pro-Fatimid rebellions in
Upper Egypt.
Not long after the death of Nur ad-Din in 1174, Saladin personally led the conquest of Syria, peacefully entering
Damascus at the request of its ruler. By mid-1175, Saladin had conquered
Hama and
Homs, inviting the animosity of his former Zengid lords, who had been the official rulers of Syria.
Soon after, he defeated the Zengid army in battle and was thereafter proclaimed the "Sultan of Egypt and Syria" by the
Abbasid caliph al-Mustadi. He made further conquests in northern Syria and Jazira and escaped two attempts on his life by the
Assassins, before returning to Egypt in 1177 to address issues in Egypt. By 1182, Saladin completed the conquest of Syria after capturing
Aleppo, but ultimately failed in taking over the Zengid stronghold of
Mosul.
Under Saladin's personal leadership, the
Ayyubid army defeated the Crusaders at the decisive
Battle of Hattin in 1187, leading the way to the Muslims' re-capture of Palestine from the Crusaders who had conquered it 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader
Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for an extended period, its defeat at
Hattin marked a turning
point in its conflict with the Muslim powers of the region. Saladin has become a prominent figure in
Muslim, Arab, and
Kurdish culture.[4] His reportedly noble and chivalrous behavior was noted, even by
Christian chroniclers, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders, he purportedly won the respect of many of them, including
Richard the Lionheart who led the
Third Crusade.[5] In 1193 he died in Damascus, having given much of his wealth to his subjects. Saladin is buried in a mausoleum adjacent to the
Umayyad Mosque.