Per Manum

"Per Manum" is the thirteenth episode of the eighth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. It premiered on the Fox network on February 18, 2001. Written by Frank Spotnitz and series creator Chris Carter, and directed by Kim Manners, the episode helps to explore the series' overarching mythology. "Per Manum" received a Nielsen rating of 9.4 and was watched by 9.61 million households. Overall, the episode received mostly positive reviews from critics.

The series centers on FBI special agents Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and her new partner John Doggett (Robert Patrick)—following the alien abduction of her former partner, Fox Mulder (David Duchovny)—who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Scully and Doggett investigate several women who had no way of naturally conceiving but who claim to have been abducted and impregnated with alien babies. Soon, Scully begins to worry about the future of her pregnancy.

"Per Manum" featured a substantial appearance by Duchovny who had elected not to return to the show as a full-time main character following the ending of season seven. In addition, the episode marks the first appearance of Knowle Rohrer, played by Adam Baldwin.

Per (film)

Per is a 1975 Danish drama film directed by Hans Kristensen. The film was selected as the Danish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 48th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.Agneta Ekmanner received the Bodil Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance in the film.

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Cyclone Per

Per was the name of a powerful storm with hurricane-force winds which hit the west coast of Sweden and Norway on the morning of 14 January 2007. In Sweden, six people died from the storm and approximately 300,000 households were left without electricity.

The storm was officially named Hanno by the Free University of Berlin, which names all low-pressure areas that affect Europe, while the storm was named Per by the Norway Weather Service, which names all strong storms that affect Norway.

Deaths

Period (gene)

Period (per) is a gene located on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Oscillations in levels of both per transcript and its corresponding protein PER have a period of approximately 24 hours and together play a central role in the molecular mechanism of the Drosophila biological clock driving circadian rhythms in eclosion and locomotor activity. Mutations in the per gene can shorten (per^S), lengthen (per^L), and even abolish (per⁰) the period of the circadian rhythm.

Discovery

The period gene and three mutants (per^S, per^L, and per⁰) were isolated in an EMS mutagenesis screen by Ronald Konopka and Seymour Benzer in 1971. The per^S, per^L, and per⁰ mutations were found to complement each other, so it was concluded that the three phenotypes were due to mutations in the same gene. The discovery of mutants that altered the period of circadian rhythms in eclosion and locomotor activity (per^S and per^L) indicated the role of the per gene in the clock itself and not an output pathway. The period gene was first sequenced in 1984 by Michael Rosbash and colleagues. In 1998, it was discovered that per produces two transcripts (differing only by the alternative splicing of a single untranslated intron) which both encode the PER protein.