Central Asian Civilizations - Nomads throughout History (Kazakhstan)

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• published: 05 Dec 2012
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Nomad's Exhibition - Turkic Hunnic Xiongnu Scythian Saka Kipchak Wusun Ting-Ling Kängär Pecheneg Cuman Yazig Alan Sarmat Türk Asena Ashina Türük Török Древние тюрки -------------------------------------------- Video presentation for the international jewelry exhibition "Nomad's Way" in New York. Directed Dinar Garipov & Asya Feklistova. Operators: Sergey Dyshuk & Ivan Gudkov © Gardina production http://www.sechenov.com/ ------------------------------------------ Proto-Indo-European "marḱ-" ("horse"), possibly originated in the domestication of wild horses by the Proto-Turkic Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan (4th-6th millenium BCE): "Antoine Meillet assumed that this word was an early loanword in Germanic and Celtic from an unknown source (Meillet 1926: 229). This idea was developed by T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov, who had seen in it a borrowing from an Altaic language (or dialect). Indeed, Celto-Germanic *mark- has parallels with Altaic *morV- (Mong. mörin, Kalm. morin ‘horse’; cf. Russ. merin ‘old horse, gelding,’ a late borrowing from Mong., cf. also Chin. ma - *mra, Tamil mā). Gamkrelidze and Ivanov explain this borrowing by early contacts of IE tribes with Altaic tribes. ... this word was not transported to Europe by IE migratory tribes, but was adopted in Central Europe by IE speaking tribes (Celts and Germans) from some Asiatic people, speaking Altaic and practising horse-riding. We mean the Scythians (and Sarmats) who came from Central Asia in the seventh century B.C., crossed the Caucasus and appeared in northern Iran and Asia Minor. Scythians may not have been Indo-European, but a mixture of nations of Central Asia, including some Turkish and Altaic elements. Their language, though remaining Iranian, carried a lot of borrowed non-Indo-European features. ... At the same time, we have to note that if our idea of the Scythian origin of the word *marḱ- is right, we are then dealing only with indirect contacts, maybe via Galatians, because this word was well-rooted in Celtic before Romanization and before Scythian and Sarmatic tribes moved to Europe in the second to third century A.D." source: Tatyana A. Mikhailova (Moscow State University) in: Hildegard L. C. Tristram, The Celtic Languages in Contact: Papers from the Workshop Within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies, Bonn, 26-27. Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2007, page 6-7. __________________________ "Mallory & Douglas (2006: 141) illustrates that for Indo-Europeanist the option of the Euroasiatic loanword is also well-known. Mikhailova (2007: 4-9) has recently proposed that Celtic mark-os ‘saddle horse’ could be actually of Scythian origin, this being in its own turn an “Altaic” borrowing (everything inserted in a rather naïve Nostratic framework). Unfortunately, the philological argumentation does not exist out of Celtic, ..." Source: José Andrés Alonso De la Fuente. "Some thoughts on Dravidian-Turkic-Sanskrit Lexical Comparisons." Türkbilig, 2012/24: 41-76. __________________________ "Beyond the certain Celtic and Germanic cognates it has been suggested that this putative PIE *márkos is related to a series of words for 'horse' that extend eastward, in non-IE languages, ... Thus we have Mongol morin, Chinese mā, Korean mal, Burmese mraŋ. Opinion is divided as to whether, if the PIE word belongs with the others, the PIE word is a borrowing from, say, pre-Mongol (which would also be the source of the Chinese word and that in turn the source of the Korean and Bumese) or the Mongol, Chinese, etc., words are ultimately borrowed from PIE. Under either borrowing scenario *márkos would have had to have been much more widespread in PIE than its Celtic and Germanic reflexes would suggest. ... it is difficult so see how one can match the western distribution of the IE cognates with the eastern distribution of its putatively non-IE borrowings or loans. The only major east to west movement of horses, after their initial domestication, was in the Iron Age where we have steppe horses which were introduced into the Carpathian basin by the Scythians." Source: Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. 1997. page 274-6. __________________________ See also: Altaic-Indo-European contacts based on Proto-Indo-European "h₁éḱwos" ("stallion, horse"): "...by bringing the Altaic material into consideration, the original meaning of the Proto-Indo-European word for ‘horse’ becomes clear. It did not mean ‘the swift one’ but, rather, ‘the spirited, violent, fiery, or wild one’. This could not have been seen on the basis of the Indo-European evidence alone. Both the Proto-Altaic and the Proto-Indo-European forms are to be derived from a Proto-Nostratic root *ʔekh- ‘to move quickly, to rage; to be furious, raging, violent, spirited, fiery, wild’." Source: Allan R. Bomhard, Proto-Indo-European ‘Horse’ From a Nostratic Perspective (2009), Charleston, SC, USA.