Bartolomé de las Casas,
O.P. (c. 1484[1] – 18 July 1566) was a
16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and
Dominican friar. He became the first resident
Bishop of
Chiapas, and the first officially appointed -Protector of the Indians-. His extensive writings, the most famous being A
Short Account of the
Destruction of the
Indies and
Historia de Las
Indias, chronicle the first decades of colonization of the
West Indies and focus particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples.[2]
Arriving as one of the first
European settlers in the
Americas, he participated in, and was eventually compelled to oppose, the atrocities committed against the
Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. In 1515, he reformed his views, gave up his
Indian slaves and encomienda, and advocated, before
King Charles V,
Holy Roman Emperor, on behalf of rights for the natives. In his early writings, he advocated the use of
African slaves instead of
Natives in the West-Indian colonies; consequently, criticisms have been leveled at him as being partly responsible for the beginning of the
Transatlantic slave trade.
Later in life, he retracted those early views as he came to see all forms of slavery as equally wrong. In 1522, he attempted to launch a new kind of peaceful colonialism on the coast of
Venezuela, but this venture failed, causing
Las Casas to enter the
Dominican Order and become a friar, leaving the public scene for a decade. He then traveled to
Central America undertaking peaceful evangelization among the
Maya of
Guatemala and participated in debates among the
Mexican churchmen about how best to bring the natives to the
Christian faith.
Traveling back to
Spain to recruit more missionaries, he continued lobbying for the abolition of the encomienda, gaining an important victory by the passing of the New
Laws in 1542. He was appointed Bishop of Chiapas, but served only for a short time before he was forced to return to Spain because of resistance to the New Laws by the encomenderos, and conflicts with Spanish settlers because of his pro-Indian policies and activist religious stances. The remainder of his life was spent at the Spanish court where he held great influence over Indies-related issues. In 1550, he participated in the
Valladolid debate in which
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda argued that the
Indians were less than human and required Spanish masters in order to become civilized. Las Casas maintained that they were fully human and that forcefully subjugating them was unjustifiable.
Bartolomé de las Casas spent 50 years of his life actively fighting slavery and the violent colonial abuse of indigenous peoples, especially by trying to convince the Spanish court to adopt a more humane policy of colonization. And although he failed to save the indigenous peoples of the
Western Indies, his efforts resulted in several improvements in the legal status of the natives, and in an increased colonial focus on the ethics of colonialism. Las Casas is often seen as one of the first advocates for universal human rights.[3]
- published: 15 Nov 2014
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