Suleiman I /ˌsʊlɪˈmɑːn/, known as "the
Magnificent" in the
West and "
Kanuni" (the Lawgiver) in the
East, (
6 November 1494 --
7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.
Suleiman became a prominent monarch of
16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the
Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the
Christian strongholds of
Belgrade,
Rhodes, as well as most of
Hungary before his conquests were checked at the
Siege of Vienna in
1529. He annexed much of the
Middle East in his conflict with the
Safavids and large areas of
North Africa as far west as
Algeria. Under his rule, the
Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the
Mediterranean to the
Red Sea and through the
Persian Gulf.
At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "
Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development. Suleiman was well educated and spoke five languages.
In a break with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married
Roxelana, a former Christian girl converted to
Islam from his harem, who became subsequently known and influential as
Hürrem Sultan. Their son,
Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule.
Suleiman was known as
Ottoman Turkish: Sultān Suleimān-i evvel or Kānūnī Sultān Suleimān,
Modern Turkish:
I. Süleyman (
Turkish pronunciation: [sylejˈmɑn]) or Kanuni
Sultan Süleyman; and in the East, as "
The Lawgiver" (
Turkish: Kanuni;
Arabic: , al‐Qānūnī) where evvel means "early" (the first) and kanuni means "lawgiver" for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system.
Suleiman was born in
Trabzon along the east coast of the
Black Sea, probably on 6 November 1494.[6] His mother was
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan or
Hafsa Sultan, who died in 1534. At the age of seven, he was sent to study science, history, literature, theology, and military tactics in the schools of the
Topkapı Palace in
İstanbul (formerly
Constantinople). As a young man, he befriended
Pargalı Ibrahim, a slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers. From the age of seventeen, young Suleiman was appointed as the governor of first
Kaffa (
Theodosia), then
Sarukhan (
Manisa) with a brief tenure at Adrianople (now
Edirne). Upon the death of his father,
Selim I (1465--1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and ascended to the throne as the tenth
Ottoman Sultan. An early description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided by the
Venetian envoy
Bartolomeo Contarini: "He is twenty-six years of age, tall, but wiry, and of a delicate complexion. His neck is a little too long, his face thin, and his nose aquiline. He has a shade of a moustache and a small beard; nevertheless he has a pleasant mien, though his skin tends to be a light pallor. He is said to be a wise
Lord, fond of study, and all men hope for good from his rule." Some historians claim that in his youth Suleiman had an admiration for
Alexander the Great. He was influenced by
Alexander's vision of building a world empire that would encompass the east and the west, and this created a drive for his subsequent military campaigns in
Asia and in
Africa, as well as in Europe.
Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually suppressing a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of
Damascus in 1521. Suleiman soon made preparations for the conquest of Belgrade from the
Kingdom of Hungary—something his great-grandfather
Mehmed II had failed to achieve. Its capture was vital in removing the
Hungarians who, following the defeats of the
Serbs,
Bulgarians and the Byzantines, remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the
Danube. Belgrade, with a garrison of only 700 men, and receiving no aid from Hungary, fell in August 1521
The fall of Christendom's major strongholds spread fear across Europe. As the ambassador of the
Holy Roman Empire to Constantinople was to note, "The capture of Belgrade was at the origin of the dramatic events which engulfed Hungary. It led to the death of
King Louis, the capture of
Buda, the occupation of
Transylvania, the ruin of a flourishing kingdom and the fear of neighbouring nations that they would suffer the same fate
..."
- published: 14 Dec 2013
- views: 64344