William Styron, Kurt Vonnegut & Joseph Heller: War and Racism in American Culture (1997)
William Clark Styron, Jr. (June 11, 1925 --
November 1,
2006) was an
American novelist and essayist who won major literary awards for his work.
For much of his career, Styron was best known for his novels, including:
Lie Down in Darkness (1951), his acclaimed first novel, published at age 26;
The Confessions of Nat Turner (
1967), narrated by
Nat Turner, the leader of an 1831
Virginia slave revolt;
Sophie's Choice (
1979), a story "told through the eyes of a young aspiring writer from the
South, about a
Polish Catholic survivor of
Auschwitz and her brilliant but troubled
Jewish lover in postwar
Brooklyn".
In
1985, he suffered his most serious bout with depression. Out of this grave and menacing experience, he was later able to write the memoir
Darkness Visible (
1990), the work Styron became best known for during the last two decades of his life.
In an episode of the television series
Cheers titled "
Thanksgiving Orphans" (this episode first aired in
1986), Styron is mentioned as an esteemed guest of a Thanksgiving party hosted by one of
Diane Chambers' literature professors. Styron and other guests at the party are expected to recreate the first Thanksgiving.
Styron appears as himself in the
1993 movie Naked in New York
Styron's Darkness Visible was part of the plot of the
2013 film,
Side Effects, a crime thriller about depression.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron
Joseph Heller (May 1, 1923 --
December 12,
1999) was an
American satirical novelist, short story writer, and playwright. The title of one of his works,
Catch-22, entered the
English lexicon to refer to a vicious circle wherein an absurd, no-win choice, particularly in situations in which the desired outcome of the choice is an impossibility, and regardless of choice, a same negative outcome is a certainty. Although he is remembered primarily for Catch-22, his other works center on the lives of various members of the middle class and remain examples of modern satire.
Joseph Heller was born in
Coney Island in
Brooklyn, New York, the son of poor Jewish parents,
Lena and
Isaac Donald Heller, from
Russia. Even as a child, he loved to write; as a teenager, he wrote a story about the
Russian invasion of
Finland and sent it to
New York Daily News, which rejected it. At least one scholar suggests that he knew that he wanted to become a writer, after recalling that he received a children's version of the Iliad when he was ten. After graduating from
Abraham Lincoln High School in
1941, Heller spent the next year working as a blacksmith's apprentice, a messenger boy, and a filing clerk. In
1942, at age 19, he joined the
U.S. Army Air
Corps. Two years later he was sent to the
Italian Front, where he flew 60 combat missions as a
B-25 bombardier. His
Unit was the
488th Bombardment Squadron, 340th
Bomb Group,
12th Air Force. Heller later remembered the war as "fun in the beginning
... You got the feeling that there was something glorious about it." On his return home he "felt like a hero
... People think it quite remarkable that I was in combat in an airplane and I flew sixty missions even though I tell them that the missions were largely milk runs." ("
Milk runs" were combat missions, but mostly uneventful due to a lack of intense opposition from enemy anti-aircraft artillery or fighters.)
After the war, Heller studied
English at the
University of Southern California and
NYU on the
G.I. Bill. In 1949, he received his
M.A. in English
from Columbia University.
Following his graduation, he spent a year as a
Fulbright scholar at
St Catherine's College, Oxford. After returning home, he taught composition at
Pennsylvania State University for two years. He also taught fiction and dramatic writing at
Yale. He then briefly worked for
Time Inc., before taking a job as a copywriter at a small advertising agency, where he worked alongside future novelist
Mary Higgins Clark. At home, Heller wrote. He was first published in 1948, when
The Atlantic ran one of his short stories. That first story nearly won the "
Atlantic First."
He was married to
Shirley Held from
1945 to
1981 and they had two children,
Erica (born
1952) and Ted (born
1956).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Heller
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. (/ˈvɒnɨɡət/;
November 11,
1922 -- April 11,
2007) was an
American writer. His works such as
Cat's Cradle (
1963), Slaughterhouse-Five (
1969), and
Breakfast of Champions (
1973) blend satire, gallows humor, and science fiction. As a citizen he was a lifelong supporter of the
American Civil Liberties Union and a critical pacifist intellectual. He was known for his humanist beliefs and was honorary president of the
American Humanist Association.
The New York Times headline at the time of
Vonnegut's passing called Vonnegut "the counterculture's novelist."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut