| The Notorious B.I.G. |
| File:The Notorious B.I.G.jpg |
| Background information |
| Birth name |
Christopher George Latore Wallace |
| Also known as |
Biggie Smalls, The Notorious B.I.G., Big Poppa, Frank White[1] |
| Born |
(1972-05-21)May 21, 1972
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died |
March 9, 1997(1997-03-09) (aged 24)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres |
Hip hop |
| Occupations |
Rapper |
| Years active |
1992–1997 |
| Labels |
Uptown Records
Bad Boy |
| Associated acts |
Lil' Kim, Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., Total, 112, The Commission, Jay-Z, Faith Evans, The LOX |
| Website |
www.myspace.com/notoriousbig |
Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), best known as The Notorious B.I.G., was an American rapper. He was also known as Biggie Smalls (after a character in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again).
Wallace was raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. When Wallace released his debut album Ready to Die in 1994, he became a central figure in the East Coast hip-hop scene and increased New York's visibility at a time when West Coast artists were more common in the mainstream.[2] The following year, Wallace led his childhood friends to chart success through his protégé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. While recording his second album, Wallace was heavily involved in the East Coast/West Coast hip-hop feud, dominating the scene at the time.
On March 9, 1997, Wallace was killed by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. His double-disc set Life After Death, released 15 days later, hit #1 on the U.S. album charts and was certified Diamond in 2000 (one of the few hip hop albums to receive this certification).[3] Wallace was noted for his "loose, easy flow",[4] dark semi-autobiographical lyrics and storytelling abilities. Since his death, a further two albums have been released. MTV ranked him at #3 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time.[5] He has certified sales of 17 million units in the United States.[6]
Born in St. Mary's Hospital, despite later claiming to be raised in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, Wallace grew up in neighboring Clinton Hill.[7] Wallace was the only child of Voletta Wallace, a Jamaican preschool teacher, and George Latore, a welder and small-time Jamaican politician.[8] His father left the family when Wallace was two years old, leaving his mother to work two jobs while raising him. At the Queen of All Saints Middle School, Wallace excelled in class, winning several awards as an English student. He was nicknamed "Big" because of his size before he turned 10.[9] At the age of 12, he began selling drugs. His mother, often away at work, did not know that her son was selling drugs until Wallace was an adult.[10]
At his request, Wallace transferred out of the private Roman Catholic Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School to attend the state-funded George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School. Jay-Z and Busta Rhymes were also students at that school. According to his mother, Wallace was still a good student, but developed a "smart-ass" attitude at the new school.[8] At seventeen, Wallace dropped out of high school and became further involved in crime. In 1989, he was arrested on weapons charges in Brooklyn and sentenced to five years' probation. In 1990, he was arrested on a violation of his probation.[11] A year later, Wallace was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months behind bars until he made bail.[10]
Wallace began rapping when he was a teenager. He would entertain people on the streets as well as perform with local groups, the Old Gold Brothers and the Techniques.[2] After being released from prison, Wallace made a demo tape under the name Biggie Smalls, a reference to his childhood nickname and to his stature; he stood at 6' 3" (1.91 m) and weighed as much as 300 to 380 pounds according to differing accounts.[12] The tape was reportedly made with no serious intent of getting a recording deal, but was promoted by New York-based DJ Mister Cee, who had previously worked with Big Daddy Kane, and was heard by the editor of The Source.[11]
In March 1992, Wallace featured in The Source's Unsigned Hype column, dedicated to aspiring rappers, and was invited to produce a recording with other unsigned artists in a move that was reportedly uncommon at the time.[13] The demo tape was heard by Uptown Records A&R and record producer, Sean Combs, who arranged for a meeting with Wallace. He was signed to Uptown immediately and made an appearance on label mates, Heavy D & the Boyz' "A Buncha Niggas" (from the album Blue Funk).[2][14] Soon after signing his recording contract, Combs was fired from Uptown and started a new label.[15] Wallace followed and in mid-1992, signed to Combs' new imprint label, Bad Boy Records. On August 8, 1993, Wallace's longtime girlfriend gave birth to his first child, T'yanna.[16] Wallace continued selling drugs after the birth to support his daughter financially. Once Combs discovered this, he was made to quit.[2]
Wallace gained exposure later in the year on a remix to Mary J. Blige's single "Real Love", under the pseudonym The Notorious B.I.G., the name he would record under for the remainder of his career, after finding the original moniker "Biggie Smalls" was already in use.[17] "Real Love" peaked at #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was followed by a remix of Blige's "What's the 411?". He continued this success, to a lesser extent, on remixes with Neneh Cherry ("Buddy X") and reggae artist Super Cat ("Dolly My Baby", also featuring Combs) in 1993. In April 1993, his solo track, "Party and Bullshit", appeared on the Who's the Man? soundtrack.[16] In July 1994, he appeared alongside LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes on a remix to label mate Craig Mack's "Flava in Ya Ear", reaching #9 on the Hot 100.
[edit] Ready to Die and marriage
On August 4, 1994, Wallace married singer Faith Evans after they met at a Bad Boy photoshoot.[16][18] Four days later, Wallace had his first pop chart success as a solo artist with double A-side, "Juicy/Unbelievable", which reached #27 as the lead single to his debut album.
Ready to Die was released on September 13, 1994, and reached #13 on the Billboard 200 chart,[19] eventually being certified four times Platinum.[20] The album, released at a time when West Coast hip hop was prominent in the U.S. charts, according to Rolling Stone, "almost single-handedly... shifted the focus back to East Coast rap".[21] It gained strong reviews on release and has received much praise in retrospect.[21][22] In addition to "Juicy", the record produced two hit singles; the Platinum-selling "Big Poppa", which reached #1 on the U.S. rap chart,[4] and "One More Chance" featuring Faith Evans, a loosely related remix of an album track and its best selling single.
In August 1995, Wallace's protegé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. ("Junior Masters At Finding Intelligent Attitudes"), released their debut album Conspiracy. The group consisting of his friends from childhood and included rappers such as Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease, who went on to have solo careers.[23] The record went Gold and its singles, "Player's Anthem" and "Get Money" both featuring Wallace, went Gold and Platinum. Wallace continued to work with R&B artists, collaborating with Bad Boy groups 112 (on "Only You") and Total (on "Can't You See"), with both reaching the top 20 of the Hot 100. By the end of the year, Wallace was the top-selling male solo artist and rapper on the U.S. pop and R&B charts.[2] In July 1995, he appeared on the cover of The Source with the caption "The King of New York Takes Over". At the Source Awards in August 1995, he was named Best New Artist (Solo), Lyricist of the Year, Live Performer of the Year, and his debut Album of the Year.[24] At the Billboard Awards, he was Rap Artist of the Year.[11]
In his year of success, Wallace became involved in a rivalry between the East and West Coast hip-hop scenes with Tupac Shakur, his former associate. In an interview with Vibe in April 1995, while serving time in Clinton Correctional Facility, Shakur accused Uptown Records' founder Andre Harrell, Sean Combs, and Wallace of having prior knowledge of a robbery that resulted in him being shot repeatedly and losing thousands of dollars worth of jewelry on the night of November 30, 1994. Though Wallace and his entourage were in the same Manhattan-based recording studio at the time of the occurrence, they denied the accusation.[25]
| “ |
It just happened to be a coincidence that he was in the studio. He just, he couldn't really say who really had something to do with it at the time. So he just kinda' leaned the blame on me.[26] |
” |
Following release from prison, Shakur signed to Death Row Records on October 15, 1995. Bad Boy Records and Death Row, now business rivals, became involved in an intense quarrel.[27]
Wallace began recording his second record album in September 1995. The album, recorded in New York, Trinidad and Los Angeles, was interrupted during its 18 months of creation by injury, legal wranglings and the highly publicized hip hop dispute in which he was involved.[28] During this time, he also worked with pop singer Michael Jackson for the HIStory album.[29]
On March 23, 1996, Wallace was arrested outside a Manhattan nightclub for chasing and threatening to kill two autograph seekers, smashing the windows of their taxicab and then pulling one of the fans out and punching them.[11] He pleaded guilty to second-degree harassment and was sentenced to 100 hours of community service. In mid-1996, he was arrested at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey, for drug and weapons possession charges.[11]
In June 1996, Shakur released "Hit 'Em Up", a diss song in which he explicitly claimed to have had sex with Wallace's wife (at the time estranged) and that Wallace copied his style and image. Wallace referred to the first claim about his wife's pregnancy on Jay-Z's "Brooklyn's Finest" where he raps: "If Faye (Faith Evans, his wife at the time) have twins, she'd probably have two 'Pacs. Geddit? 2Pac's?". However, Wallace did not directly respond to the record during his lifetime, stating in a 1997 radio interview that it was "not [his] style" to respond.[26]
Shakur was shot multiple times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada, on September 7, 1996, and died six days later of complications from the gunshot wounds. Rumors of Wallace's involvement with Shakur's murder were reported almost immediately, and later in a two-part article by investigative reporter Chuck Philips in the Los Angeles Times in September 2002.[30] Wallace denied the allegation claiming he was in a New York recording studio at the time.[25] The Los Angeles Times later determined the article written by Philips "relied heavily on information that The Times no longer believes to be credible", including false FBI reports, and the paper published a retraction.[31] Following his death, an anti-violence hip hop summit was held.[2]
On October 29, 1996, Faith Evans gave birth to Wallace's son, Christopher "C.J." Wallace, Jr.[16] The following month Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Kim released her debut album, Hard Core, under Wallace's direction while the two were involved in an apparent love affair.[2]
[edit] Life After Death and car accident
During the recording sessions for his second record, tentatively named "Life After Death... 'Til Death Do Us Part", later shortened to Life After Death, Wallace was involved in a car accident that shattered his left leg and confined him to a wheelchair.[2] The injury forced him to use a cane.[25]
In January 1997, Wallace was ordered to pay US$41,000 in damages following an incident involving a friend of a concert promoter who claimed Wallace and his entourage beat him up following a dispute in May 1995.[32] He faced criminal assault charges for the incident which remain unresolved, but all robbery charges were dropped.[11] Following the events of the previous year, Wallace spoke of a desire to focus on his "peace of mind". "My mom... my son... my daughter... my family... my friends are what matters to me now".[33]
Wallace traveled to California in February 1997, to promote his upcoming album and record a music video for its lead single, "Hypnotize". On March 5, 1997, he gave a radio interview with The Dog House on KYLD in San Francisco. In the interview he stated that he had hired security since he feared for his safety; this was because he was a celebrity figure in general, not because he was a rapper.[34] Life After Death was scheduled for release on March 25, 1997. On January 8, 1997, Biggie Smalls and Sean "Puffy" Combs made a video "What's Beef" which was directed by Dave Meyers. On March 8, 1997, he presented an award to Toni Braxton at the 11th Annual Soul Train Music Awards in Los Angeles and was booed by some of the audience.[25] After the ceremony, Wallace attended an after party hosted by Vibe magazine and Qwest Records at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.[25] Other guests included Faith Evans, Aaliyah, Sean Combs, and members of the Bloods and Crips gangs.[9]
On March 9, 1997, at around 12:30 a.m., Wallace left with his entourage in two GMC Suburbans to return to his hotel after the Fire Department closed the party early because of overcrowding.[35] Wallace traveled in the front passenger seat alongside his associates, Damion "D-Roc" Butler, Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Cease and driver, Gregory "G-Money" Young. Combs traveled in the other vehicle with three bodyguards. The two trucks were trailed by a Chevrolet Blazer carrying Bad Boy's director of security.[9]
By 12:45 a.m., the streets were crowded with people leaving the event. Wallace's truck stopped at a red light 50 yards (46 m) from the museum. A black Chevrolet Impala SS pulled up alongside Wallace's truck. The driver of the Impala, an African American male dressed in a blue suit and bow tie, rolled down his window, drew a 9 mm blue-steel pistol and fired at the GMC Suburban; four bullets hit Wallace in the chest.[9] Wallace's entourage rushed him to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, but he was pronounced dead at 1:15 a.m.
Wallace's murder remains unsolved and there are many theories regarding the identities and motives of the murderers. Immediately after the shooting, reports surfaced linking the Shakur and Wallace murders, because of the similarities in the drive-by shootings.[36]
In 2002, Randall Sullivan released LAbyrinth, a book compiling information regarding the murders of Wallace and Shakur based on evidence provided by retired LAPD detective, Russell Poole.[9][37] Sullivan accused Marion "Suge" Knight, co-founder of Death Row Records and an alleged Bloods affiliate, of conspiring with David Mack, an LAPD officer and alleged Death Row security employee, to kill Wallace and make Shakur and his death appear the result of a fictitious bi-coastal rap rivalry.[38][39] Sullivan believed that one of Mack's associates, Amir Muhammad (also known as Harry Billups), was the hitman based on evidence provided by an informant, and due to his close resemblance to the facial composite.[38][39] Filmmaker Nick Broomfield released an investigative documentary, Biggie & Tupac, based mainly on the evidence used in the book.[37]
An article published in Rolling Stone by Sullivan in December 2005 accused the LAPD of not fully investigating links with Death Row Records based on evidence from Poole. Sullivan claimed that Sean Combs "failed to fully cooperate with the investigation" and according to Poole, encouraged Bad Boy staff to do the same.[9] The accuracy of the article was later refuted in a letter by the Assistant Managing Editor of the LA Times accusing Sullivan of using "shoddy tactics." Sullivan, in response, quoted the lead attorney of the Wallace estate calling the newspaper "a co-conspirator in the cover-up."[40]
The criminal investigation was re-opened in July 2006 in the hopes that new evidence might help the City defend the civil lawsuits brought by the Wallace family.[41][42]
In January 2011, the case was reinvigorated as a result of new information reported by Anderson Cooper's AC360 "Cold Case" show and blog[43] that it was being re-investigated by a law enforcement task force composed of the LAPD, the L.A. County District Attorney's Office, and the FBI.[44] In April, the FBI released redacted documents about their investigation into the shooting, revealing that the bullets were rare 9mm Gecko ammunition manufactured in Germany. The documents reported that LAPD officers monitoring the party Wallace was attending were also employed as security personnel for Knight; the documents also speculated that the Genovese crime family was withholding evidence about Wallace's death.[45]
Basketball player Shaquille O'Neal was a close friend of Wallace's and on the night of Wallace's death, he was supposed to meet him at an after party. O'Neal has reportedly struggled with guilt about Wallace's death since that night.[46]
In March 2005, the relatives of Wallace filed a wrongful death claim against the city of Los Angeles based on the evidence championed by Russell Poole.[39] They claimed the LAPD had sufficient evidence to arrest the assailant, but failed to use it. David Mack and Amir Muhammad (a.k.a. Harry Billups) were originally named as defendants in the civil suit, but were dropped shortly before the trial began after the LAPD and FBI dismissed them as suspects.[39]
The case came for trial before a jury on June 21, 2005. Several days into the trial, the plaintiffs' attorney disclosed to the Court and opposing counsel that he had received a telephone call from someone claiming to be a LAPD officer and provided detailed information about the existence of evidence concerning the Wallace murder. The court directed the city to conduct a thorough investigation, which uncovered previously undisclosed evidence, much of which was in the desk or cabinet of Det. Steven Katz, the lead detective in the Wallace murder investigation. The documents centered around interviews by numerous police officers of an incarcerated informant, who had been Rafael Perez's cellmate for some extended period of time. He reported that Perez had told him about his and Mack's involvement with Death Row Records and their activities at the Peterson Automotive Museum the night of Wallace's murder. As a result of the newly discovered evidence, the judge declared a mistrial and awarded the Wallace family its attorneys' fees.[47]
On April 16, 2007, relatives of Wallace filed a second wrongful death lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles. The suit also named two LAPD officers in the center of the investigation into the Rampart scandal, Rafael Perez and Nino Durden. According to the claim, Perez, an alleged affiliate of Death Row Records, admitted to LAPD officials that he and Mack (who was not named in the lawsuit) "conspired to murder, and participated in the murder of Christopher Wallace". The Wallace family said the LAPD "consciously concealed Rafael Perez's involvement in the murder of ... Wallace".[48]
United States District Judge Florence-Marie Cooper granted summary judgment to the city of Los Angeles on December 17, 2007, finding that the Wallace family had not complied with a California law that required the Wallace family to give notice of its claim to the State within six months of Wallace's death.[49] The Wallace family refiled the suit, dropping the state law claims on May 27, 2008.[50] The city never answered the amended complaint, and with the agreement of both sides, the suit was voluntarily dismissed on April 5, 2010 without prejudice.[51]
On January 19, 2007, Tyruss Himes (better known as Big Syke), a friend of Shakur who was implicated in the murder by television channel KTTV and XXL magazine in 2005, had a defamation lawsuit regarding the accusations thrown out of court.[52]
Fifteen days after his death, Wallace's double-disc second album was released as planned with the shortened title of Life After Death and hit #1 on the Billboard 200 charts, after making a premature appearance at #176 due to street-date violations. The record album featured a much wider range of guests and producers than its predecessor.[53] It gained strong reviews and in 2000 was certified Diamond, the highest RIAA certification awarded to a solo hip hop album.
Its lead single, "Hypnotize", was the last music video recording in which Wallace would participate. His biggest chart success was with its follow-up "Mo Money Mo Problems", featuring Sean Combs (under the rap alias "Puff Daddy") and Mase. Both singles reached #1 in the Hot 100, making Wallace the first artist to achieve this feat posthumously.[2] The third single, "Sky's The Limit", featuring the band 112, was noted for its use of children in the music video, directed by Spike Jonze, who were used to portray Wallace and his contemporaries, including Sean Combs, Lil' Kim, and Busta Rhymes. Wallace was named Artist of the Year and "Hypnotize" Single of the Year by Spin magazine in December 1997.[54]
In mid-1997, Combs released his debut album, No Way Out, which featured Wallace on five songs, notably on the third single "Victory". The most prominent single from the record album was "I'll Be Missing You", featuring Combs, Faith Evans and 112, which was dedicated to Wallace's memory. At the 1998 Grammy Awards, Life After Death and its first two singles received nominations in the rap category. The album award was won by Combs' No Way Out and "I'll Be Missing You" won the award in the category of Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group in which "Mo Money Mo Problems" was nominated.[55]
Wallace had founded a hip hop supergroup called The Commission, which consisted of Jay-Z, Lil' Cease, Combs, Charli Baltimore and himself. The Commission was mentioned by Wallace in the lyrics of "What's Beef" on Life After Death and "Victory" from No Way Out but never completed an album. A song on Duets: The Final Chapter titled "Whatchu Want (The Commission)" featuring Jay-Z was based on the group.
In December 1999, Bad Boy released Born Again. The record consisted of previously unreleased material mixed with guest appearances including many artists Wallace had never collaborated with in his lifetime. It gained some positive reviews but received criticism for its unlikely pairings; The Source describing it as "compiling some of the most awkward collaborations of his career".[56] Nevertheless, the album sold 3 million copies. Over the course of time, Wallace's vocals would appear on hit songs such as "Foolish" by Ashanti and "Realest Niggas" in 2002, and the song "Runnin' (Dying to Live)" with Shakur the following year. He also appeared on Michael Jackson's 2001 album, Invincible. In 2005, Duets: The Final Chapter continued the pattern started on Born Again and was criticized for the lack of significant vocals by Wallace on some of its songs.[57][58] Its lead single "Nasty Girl" became Wallace's first UK #1 single. Combs and Voletta Wallace have stated the album will be the last release primarily featuring new material.[59]
Wallace is celebrated as one of the greatest rap artists and is described by Allmusic as "the savior of East Coast hip-hop".[2] The Source and Blender named Wallace the greatest rapper of all time.[60] In 2003, when XXL magazine asked several hip hop artists to list their five favorite MCs, Wallace's name appeared on more rappers' lists than anyone else. In 2006, he was ranked at #3 in MTV's The Greatest MC's of All Time.[5]
Since his death, Wallace's lyrics have been sampled and quoted by a variety of hip hop, R&B and pop artists including Jay-Z, 50 Cent, Alicia Keys, Fat Joe, Nelly, Ja Rule, Eminem, Lil Wayne, Game, Clinton Sparks, Michael Jackson and Usher. On August 28, 2005, at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards, Sean Combs (then using the rap alias "P. Diddy") and Snoop Dogg paid tribute to Wallace: an orchestra played while the vocals from "Juicy" and "Warning" played on the arena speakers.[61] In September 2005, VH1 had its second annual "Hip Hop Honors", with a tribute to Wallace headlining the show.[62]
Wallace had begun to promote a clothing line called Brooklyn Mint, which was to produce plus-sized clothing but fell dormant after he died. In 2004, his managers, Mark Pitts and Wayne Barrow, launched the clothing line, with help from Jay-Z, selling T-shirts with images of Wallace on them. A portion of the proceeds go to the Christopher Wallace Foundation and to Jay-Z's Shawn Carter Scholarship Foundation.[63] In 2005, Voletta Wallace hired branding and licensing agency Wicked Cow Entertainment to guide the Estate's licensing efforts.[64] Wallace-branded products on the market include action figures, blankets, and cell phone content.[65]
The Christopher Wallace Memorial Foundation holds an annual black-tie dinner ("B.I.G. Night Out") to raise funds for children's school equipment and supplies and to honor the memory of the late rapper. For this particular event, because it is a children's schools' charity, "B.I.G." is also said to stand for "Books Instead of Guns".[66]
Wallace mostly rapped on his songs in a deep tone described by Rolling Stone as a "thick, jaunty grumble",[67] which went deeper on Life After Death.[68] He was often accompanied on songs with ad libs from Sean "Puffy" Combs. On The Source's Unsigned Hype, they described his style as "cool, nasal, and filtered, to bless his own material".
Allmusic describe Wallace as having "a loose, easy flow" with "a talent for piling multiple rhymes on top of one another in quick succession".[4] Time magazine wrote Wallace rapped with an ability to "make multi-syllabic rhymes sound... smooth",[22] while Krims describes Wallace's rhythmic style as "effusive".[69] Before starting a verse, Wallace sometimes used onomatopoeic vocables to "warm up" (for example "uhhh" at the beginning of "Hypnotize" and "Big Poppa" and "whaat" after certain rhymes in songs such as "My Downfall").[70]
Lateef of Latyrx notes that Wallace had, "intense and complex flows",[71] Fredro Starr of Onyx says, "Biggie was a master of the flow",[72] and Bishop Lamont states that Wallace mastered "all the hemispheres of the music".[73] "Notorious B.I.G. also often used the single-line rhyme scheme to add variety and interest to his flow".[71] Big Daddy Kane suggests that Wallace didn't need a large vocabulary to impress listeners – "he just put his words together a slick way and it worked real good for him".[74] Wallace was known to compose lyrics in his head, rather than write them down on paper, in a similar way to Jay-Z.[75][76]
Wallace would occasionally vary from his usual style. On "Playa Hater" from his second album, he sang in a slow-falsetto.[77] On his collaboration with Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, "Notorious Thugs", he modified his style to match the rapid rhyme flow of the group.
Wallace's lyrical topics and themes included mafioso tales ("Niggas Bleed"), his drug dealing past ("10 Crack Commandments"), materialistic bragging ("Hypnotize"), as well as humor ("Just Playing (Dreams)"),[78] and romance ("Me & My Bitch").[78] Rolling Stone named Wallace in 2004 as "one of the few young male songwriters in any pop style writing credible love songs".[68]
Guerilla Black, in the book How to Rap, describes how Wallace was able to both "glorify the upper echelon"[79] and "[make] you feel his struggle".[80] According to Touré of The New York Times in 1994, Wallace's lyrics "[mixed] autobiographical details about crime and violence with emotional honesty".[10] Marriott of The New York Times (in 1997) believed his lyrics were not strictly autobiographical and wrote he "had a knack for exaggeration that increased sales".[11] Wallace described his debut as "a big pie, with each slice indicating a different point in my life involving bitches and niggaz... from the beginning to the end".[81]
Ready to Die is described by Rolling Stone as a contrast of "bleak" street visions and being "full of high-spirited fun, bringing the pleasure principle back to hip-hop".[68] Allmusic write of "a sense of doom" in some of his songs and the NY Times note some being "laced with paranoia";[4][82] Wallace described himself as feeling "broke and depressed" when he made his debut.[82] The final song on the album, "Suicidal Thoughts", featured Wallace contemplating suicide and concluded with him committing the act.
On Life After Death, Wallace's lyrics went "deeper".[68] Krims explains how upbeat, dance-oriented tracks (which featured less heavily on his debut) alternate with "reality rap" songs on the record and suggests that he was "going pimp" through some of the lyrical topics of the former.[69] XXL magazine wrote that Wallace "revamped his image" through the portrayal of himself between the albums, going from "midlevel hustler" on his debut to "drug lord".[83]
Allmusic wrote that the success of Ready to Die is "mostly due to Wallace's skill as a storyteller";[4] In 1994, Rolling Stone described Wallace's ability in this technique as painting "a sonic picture so vibrant that you're transported right to the scene".[21] On Life After Death Wallace notably demonstrated this skill on "I Got a Story to Tell" telling a story as a rap for the first half of the song and then as a story "for his boys" in conversation form.[77]
After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, Christopher began to see life more on the positive side rather than the negative when he realized that he could have died when the explosion occurred. Instead of dying, Christopher only suffered minor scratches when he was performing his own remix of the song "Real Love" a few blocks away on the street. Christopher also refers to this event in his song "Juicy" when he mentions blowing up like the world trade.[84]
Notorious is a 2009 biographical film about Wallace and his life that starred rapper Jamal "Gravy" Woolard as Wallace. The film was directed by George Tillman, Jr. and distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures. Producers included Sean "Diddy" Combs, Wallace's former managers Wayne Barrow and Mark Pitts, as well as Voletta Wallace.[76] On January 16, 2009, the movie's debut at the Grand 18 theater in Greensboro, North Carolina was postponed after a man was shot in the parking lot before the show.[85] Ultimately, the film grossed over $43,000,000 worldwide.
In early October 2007, open casting calls for the role of Wallace began.[86] Actors, rappers and unknowns all tried out. Beanie Sigel auditioned[87] for the role, but was not picked. Sean Kingston claimed that he would play the role of Wallace, but producers denied he would be in the film.[88] Eventually it was announced that rapper Jamal "Gravy" Woolard was cast as Wallace[89] while Wallace's son, Christopher Wallace, Jr. was cast to play Wallace as a child.[90] Other cast members include Angela Bassett as Voletta Wallace, Derek Luke as Sean Combs, Antonique Smith as Faith Evans, Naturi Naughton formerly of 3LW as Lil' Kim, and Anthony Mackie as Tupac Shakur.[91] Bad Boy released a soundtrack album to the film on January 13, 2009; the album contains hit singles of B.I.G. such as "Hypnotize", "Juicy", and "Warning" as well as rarities.[92]
The Notorious B.I.G. awards and nominations
|
|
| Totals |
| Awards won |
4 |
| Nominations |
11 |
Wallace received two nominations from the Billboard Music Awards in 1995, including Rap Artist of the Year and Rap Single of the Year. The song "Mo Money Mo Problems" received several nominations in 1998, including Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the Grammy Awards; Best Rap Video at the MTV Video Music Awards; and Best R&B/Soul Album and Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video at the Soul Train Music Awards. Overall, Wallace has received four awards from eleven nominations; one award and six nominations were received posthumously.
The Billboard Music Awards is sponsored by Billboard magazine and held annually in December.[93][94]
| Year |
Nominated work |
Award |
Result |
| 1995 |
The Notorious B.I.G. |
Rap Artist of the Year |
Won |
| "One More Chance" |
Rap Single of the Year |
Won |
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States.[93][95][96]
The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV.[93][97][98]
The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual awards show that honors black musicians and entertainers.[93][99]
| Year |
Nominated work |
Award |
Result |
| 1998 |
Life After Death |
Best R&B/Soul Album, Male |
Won |
| "Mo Money Mo Problems" (with Mase and Puff Daddy) |
Best R&B/Soul Album |
Nominated |
| Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video |
Nominated |
The Source Awards were awarded by hip hop magazine The Source.
| Year |
Nominated work |
Award |
Result |
| 1995 |
The Notorious B.I.G. |
New Artist of the Year, Solo |
Won |
| Ready to Die |
Album of the Year |
Won |
| The Notorious B.I.G. |
Lyricist of the Year |
Won |
| The Notorious B.I.G. |
Live Performer of the Year |
Won |
- ^ Notorious B.I.G.: In His Own Words, And Those of His Friends (March 7, 2007). MTV News. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Huey, Steve. "Notorious B.I.G. > Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p44889/biography. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ "Top 100 Albums". RIAA. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061208083211/http://www.riaa.com/gp/bestsellers/topalbums.asp. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ^ a b c d e Huey, Steve. "Ready to Die > Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r203800. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ a b The Greatest MCs of All Time. MTV. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
- ^ Top selling artists. RIAA. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ^ Franklin, Marcus (January 17, 2009). Much change in Biggie Smalls' neighborhood[dead link]. Associated Press via Insider. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ^ a b Coker, Cheo H. (March 8, 2005). "Excerpt: Unbelievable – The Life, Death, and Afterlife of The Notorious B.I.G.". Vibe. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090216210530/http://www.vibe.com/news/online_exclusives/2004/03/excerpt_unbelievable_life_death_afterlife_notorious_big/.
- ^ a b c d e f Sullivan, Randall (December 5, 2005). "The Unsolved Mystery of the Notorious B.I.G.". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090429075620/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/8898338/the_unsolved_mystery_of_the_notorious_big. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ a b c Touré "Pop Music; Biggie Smalls, Rap's Man of the Moment" The New York Times, 1994-12-18. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g Marriott, Michel (March 17, 1997). "The Short Life of a Rap Star, Shadowed by Many Troubles". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Police May Release Sketch of Biggie Gunman" (March 11, 1997). MTV News. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
- ^ "Notorious BIG Photos > Biography". Atlantic Records. http://www.atlanticrecords.com/notoriousbig/bio. Retrieved 2006-11-30. [dead link]
- ^ Swihart, Stanton. "Blue Funk > Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r58470. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
- ^ Duncan, Andrea et al. The Making of Ready to Die:Family Business. XXL, 2006-03-09. Retrieved 2007-03-18
- ^ a b c d Biggie Duets – The Final Chapter (Timeline). Retrieved 2006-12-28
- ^ Scott, Cathy (2000). The Murder of Biggie Smalls. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-312-26620-0.
- ^ Chappell, Kevin (April 1999). After Biggie: Faith Evans has a new love, a new baby, a new career – singer. Ebony. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
- ^ "Artist Chart History". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929142611/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=36757&model.vnuAlbumId=805515. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ "RIAA searchable database". RIAA. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061015200016/http://www.riaa.com/gp/database/default.asp. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ a b c Ready to Die (Explicit) Tower Records (Muze data). Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- ^ a b Tyrangiel, Josh (November 13, 2006). "The All-TIME Albums" Time. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- ^ Lane, Hai, Lydia Junior M.A.F.I.A. Biography Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
- ^ "The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 1995". The 411 online. http://www.the411online.com/source95.html. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ a b c d e Bruno, Anthony The Murders of gangsta rappers Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. Court TV Crime Library. Retrieved 2007-01-24.[verification needed]
- ^ a b MTV Bands – Archive – N. MTV. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
- ^ Carney, Thomas "Live from Death Row". PBS. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon et al. (April 2003). "The Making of Life After Death: Many Men". XXL. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
- ^ The Notorious B.I.G. – Bio. Billboard. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ^ "Paper investigates rapper murder" (September 6, 2002). BBC News Online. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ "The Times retracts Tupac Shakur story". Los Angeles Times. April 7, 2008. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-quadretraction7apr07,0,123481,full.story. "The Times has since concluded that the FBI reports were fabricated and that some of the other sources relied on -- including the person Philips previously believed to be the "confidential source" cited in the FBI reports -- do not support major elements of the story." >
- ^ "Notorious B.I.G. Loses Lawsuit". MTV News. 1997-01-27. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
- ^ Brown, Jake (May 24, 2004). Ready to Die: The Story of Biggie Smalls Notorious B.I.G.. Colossus Books. p. 122. ISBN 0-9749779-3-4.
- ^ "Biggie Told Interviewer He Worried About Safety". MTV News. March 12, 1997. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425831/19970312/notorious_big.jhtml. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
- ^ Purdum, Todd S. (March 10, 1997). "Rapper Is Shot to Death in Echo of Killing 6 Months Ago". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/10/us/rapper-is-shot-to-death-in-echo-of-killing-6-months-ago.html. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ Cathy Scott. "Rap slaying similar to Shakur's". Las Vegas Sun. March 10, 1997.
- ^ a b Fuchs, Cynthia (September 6, 2002). "Biggie and Tupac review" PopMatters. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ a b Serpick, Evan (April 12, 2002). "Review: Rappers' deaths probed in 'LAbyrinth'" Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ a b c d Philips, Chuck "Slain rapper's family keeps pushing suit" Los Angeles Times, February 7, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
- ^ Duvoisin, Marc and Sullivan, Randall (January 12, 2006). "L.A. Times Responds to Biggie Story"[dead link] Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-02-05. Archived August 17, 2007 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]
- ^ Philips, Chuck (July 31, 2006). "LAPD Renews Search for Rapper's Killer". Los Angeles Times. http://www.lapd.com/article.aspx?&a=4084. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
- ^ "LAPD launching new Notorious BIG task force". Associated Press. August 3, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14118674/. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ^ "An AC360° Cold Case: Mystery still surrounds rappers' deaths," January 6, 2011
- ^ Rowlands, Ted (2011-01-06). "Update: Investigation heats up in shooting of rapper Biggie Smalls". CNN. http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/06/update-investigation-heats-up-in-shooting-of-rapper-biggie-smalls/. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ^ FBI releases documents on Notorious B.I.G.'s murder; what did they find?, EW.com, 7 April 2011
- ^ Coman, Nick. "Biggie Smalls' Death Recalled 14 Years Later by Celtics Center Shaquille O'Neal". NESN. http://www.nesn.com/2011/03/biggie-smalls-death-recalled-14-years-later-by-celtics-center-shaquille-oneal.html. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
- ^ Estate of Wallace v. City of Los Angeles, 229 F.R.D. 163 (C.D. Cal. 2005);Reid, Shaheem (July 5, 2005). "Notorious B.I.G. Wrongful-Death Case Declared A Mistrial". MTV News. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ^ Finn, Natalie (April 18, 2007). "An Extra B.I.G. Suit". E! Online. http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b54934_extra_big_suit.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ Estate of Christopher G.L. Wallace v. City of Los Angeles, et al., 2:07-cv-02956-FMC-RZx, slip op. at 15 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2007) (Cooper, J.).
- ^ Complaint, Estate of Christopher G.L. Wallace v. City of Los Angeles, et al., 2:07-cv-02956-FMC-RZx (C.D. Cal. May 27, 2008).
- ^ Estate of Christopher G.L. Wallace v. City of Los Angeles, et al., 2:07-cv-02956-FMC-RZx, slip op. at 4 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 5, 2009) (Nguyen, J.); Biggie Smalls wrongful death lawsuit dismissed (April 20, 2010). music.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ^ "Lawsuit involving rapper death dismissed". Associated Press. Yahoo!. January 20, 2007. http://new.music.yahoo.com/notorious-b-i-g/news/lawsuit-involving-rapper-death-dismissed--39372003. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ Birchmeier, Jason Life After Death review Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
- ^ "B.I.G. Gets Props from Spin"[dead link] Rolling Stone, December 7, 1997. Retrieved 2006-12-26. Archived August 17, 2007 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]
- ^ 1998 Grammy Awards – Rap music winners[dead link] CNN. Retrieved 2007-01-27. Archived December 5, 2007 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]
- ^ Born Again Tower Records (Muze data). Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- ^ Duets: The Final Chapter Music Review[dead link] (January 12, 2006). Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2006-12-10. Archived July 16, 2007 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]
- ^ Duets: The Final Chapter > Overview Allmusic. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
- ^ Egere-Cooper, Matilda (January 26, 2006). "Notorious B.I.G.: an album too far?" The Independent. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
- ^ Music Profiles – The Notorious B.I.G. BBC News Online. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
- ^ Moss, Corey (August 25, 2005). "Green Day Clean Up, Kelly Clarkson Gets Wet, 50 Rips Into Fat Joe At VMAs". MTV News. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ "VH1 to give Notorious B.I.G. Hip Hop Honors" ( June 25, 2005). Associated Press. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ Strong, Nolan (February 8, 2005). "B.I.G.'s Brooklyn Mint Clothing Line Debuts, Jay-Z Gets Down". AllHipHop. http://allhiphop.com/blogs/news/archive/2005/02/08/18129732.aspx. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- ^ The Licensing Letter (July 17, 2006), Properties Available for Licensing, EPM
- ^ Wolfe, Roman (June 22, 2006). "Limited Action Figures of B.I.G., Public Enemy Coming This Fall". AllHipHop. http://allhiphop.com/blogs/news/archive/2006/06/22/18131214.aspx. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem; Calloway, Sway (March 21, 2003). "Biggie, Jam Master Jay, Left Eye and Their Mothers Honored at B.I.G. Night Out". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470495/20030312/story.jhtml. Retrieved 2006-08-01.
- ^ Life After Death review[dead link] Rolling Stone, December 7, 1997. Retrieved 2007-01-07 Archived August 17, 2007 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]
- ^ a b c d Notorious B.I.G.:Biography[dead link] Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2006-12-26 Archived February 16, 2006 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]
- ^ a b Krims, Adam (2000). Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-521-63447-4. http://books.google.com/?id=Gg8UiSodjz8C&dq=Rap+Music+and+the+Poetics+of+Identity.
- ^ Smith, William E. (2005). Hip-hop as Performance and Ritual: Biography and Ethnography in Underground Hip Hop. Trafford Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 1-4120-5394-3. http://books.google.com/?id=KhfYjik1tzIC&dq=Hip-hop+as+Performance+and+Ritual.
- ^ a b Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 100.
- ^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 112.
- ^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. x.
- ^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 53.
- ^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 144.
- ^ a b Andrea Duncan (March 9, 2006). The Making of Ready to Die: Family Business XXL. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ^ a b Christgau, Robert Life After Death review Consumer Guide Reviews. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ a b Notorious B.I.G.: Still the Illest. MTV. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
- ^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 14.
- ^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 44.
- ^ Brown, Jake (May 24, 2004). Ready to Die: The Story of Biggie Smalls Notorious B.I.G.. Colossus Books. p. 66. ISBN 0-9749779-3-4.
- ^ a b Pareles, Jon (March 10, 1997). "Rapping, Living and Dying a Gangsta Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ Ex, Kris (November 6, 2006). "The History of Cocaine Rap:All White". XXL magazine. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
- ^ Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2006-12-26
- ^ Shooting erupts at Notorious movie (January 17, 2009). Greensboro News & Record. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ Melena Ryzik (October 8, 2007) Dreaming Big About Acting Big The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
- ^ Beanie Sigel Auditions for Role of Biggie Smalls in New Biopic (October 3, 2007). XXL. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
- ^ Sean Kingston: Big, But Not B.I.G. (August 30, 2007). Vibe. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
- ^ Brooklyn Rapper Gravy to Play Biggie in Upcoming Biopic (March 6, 2008). XXL. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
- ^ Wallace, Voletta, "Christopher Wallace Jr.". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ Gravy for Biggie (March 6, 2008). Joblo.com. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (December 3, 2008). "'Notorious' Soundtrack Details Revealed: Features Jay-Z, Jadakiss, Faith Evans, Biggie's Son". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1600597/20081203/notorious_big.jhtml. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ a b c d "The Notorious B.I.G.". Rock on the Net. http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-n/notoriousbig_main.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ Waxman, Sharon (March 10, 1997). "`Gangsta' Rap Singer Slain in L.A.; Notorious B.I.G. Killing Similar to Shakur Death". The Washington Post. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-705440.html.
- ^ "Grammy Awards". The Washington Post. February 25, 1996.
- ^ Harrington, Richard (January 7, 1998). "Grammy's Nods". The Washington Post.
- ^ "1997 Video Music Awards". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/1997/. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ "1998 Video Music Awards". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/1998/. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ "Janet, Puffy Performing At Soul Train Awards". Rolling Stone. February 27, 1998. http://www.billboard.com/news/janet-puffy-to-perform-at-soul-train-awards-952119.story#/news/janet-puffy-to-perform-at-soul-train-awards-952119.story. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- Coker, Cheo Hodari (2004). Unbelievable: The Life, Death, and Afterlife of the Notorious B.I.G.. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-609-80835-4.
- Wallace, Voletta; McKenzie, Tremell and Evans, Faith (foreword) (2005). Biggie: Voletta Wallace Remembers Her Son, Christopher Wallace, aka Notorious B.I.G.. Atria. ISBN 0-7434-7020-6.
|
The Notorious B.I.G.
|
|
|
|
|
| Studio albums |
|
|
| Junior M.A.F.I.A. |
|
|
| Posthumous albums |
|
|
| Singles |
|
|
| Guest singles |
|
|
| Compilations |
|
|
| Related articles |
|
|
|
|
|
| Founder |
|
|
| Current artists |
|
|
| Former artists |
|
|
| Producers |
|
|
| Subsidiaries |
|
|
| Notable accused officers |
Victims |
Coverup and investigation |
Gang involvement |
Other elements |
|
|
|
|
|
|
.jpg)
