Rûm, also Roum or Rhum (in Arabic الرُّومُ ar-Rūm, Persian/Turkish Rum; all from Middle Persian Hrom^{[citation needed]}) is a vague term used at different times in the Muslim world to refer to the Balkans and Anatolia generally, to the Byzantine Empire in particular, to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in Asia Minor, to non-Muslims inhabiting Ottoman or Turkish territory, and to Greeks living outside of Greece. The name is loaned from the Byzantine-Greek self-designation Ρωμιοί ("Romans"). The city of Rome itself, by contrast, is known in Arabic as روما Rūmā.

The Qur'an includes Surat Ar-Rum (i.e., the Sura dealing with "The Romans" or "The Byzantines"). The Byzantine Greeks, as the continuation of the Roman Empire, called themselves Ρωμιοί or Ρωμαίοι Rhomaioi, Romans, and the Arabs, therefore, called them "the Rûm", their territory "the land of the Rûm", and the Mediterranean "the Sea of the Rûm." They called ancient Greece by the name "Yūnān" (Ionia) and ancient Greeks "Yūnānī" (similar with Hebrew "Yavan" [יוון] for the country and "Yevanim" [יוונים] for the people). The ancient Romans were called either "Rūm" or sometimes "Latin'yun" (Latins).

Ahmed Hulusi was born on 21 January 1945, in Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, and was named Ahmed by his mother, and Hulusi by his father.

He spent his first 18 years without any prior religious knowledge, believing only in 'a Creator'. As every time Ahmed Hulusi enquired about religion he was told "do not question, just do as you are told" he lived a seemingly 'irreligious' life according to his environment.

Three days after his father's death, on 10 September 1963, unable to decline his mother's wish, he attended Friday prayers, where he felt an immense inspiration and desire to understand the reality of religion. That same day he decided to always keep in a state of ablution and committed to performing the prescribed daily prayers (salat).

He commenced his religious education by studying the eleven volumes of Sahih Bukhari, published by the Turkish Directorate for Religious Affairs, the whole of the al-Kutub al-Sittah, and the most authentic Turkish translation of the Quran by the late Elmalili, one of Turkey's most eminent Quran scholars.

Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, Transliteration: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Quḥāfah, c. 573 CE - 634 CE) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq (Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق) was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632–634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As Caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam. He was called Al-Siddiq (The Truthful) and was known by that title among later generations of Muslims.

As a young man, Abu Bakr became a cloth merchant and he traveled extensively in Arabia and neighboring lands in the Middle East, through which he gained both wealth and experience. He eventually came to be recognized as the chief of his clan. On his return from a business trip to Yemen, he was informed that in his absence Muhammad had openly declared his prophethood. Not long after, Abu Bakr accepted Islam and was the first person outside the family of Muhammad to openly become a Muslim. He was instrumental in the conversion of many people to the Islamic faith and early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was married to Muhammad, strengthening the ties between the two men.

Aziz Ahmed, (Urdu: عزیز احمد; born 1906 - died 1982), HPk, was a career Pakistani statesman and diplomat during the Cold war served as 12th Foreign Minister, serving under executed Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Prior to 1960 to 1967, Ahmed served as the Foreign policy adviser to the military government of President Ayub Khan.

First appointed and served as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States in 1959, Aziz Ahmed was the closest Foreign policy adviser to the President Ayub Khan during 1960 until 1967. He initially gained national prominence when he served as the Foreign secretary under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who was then Foreign Minister, and took retirement in the opposition of Tashkent Agreement, signed by Ayub Khan to maintain and hold ceasefire with India in 1965. After a power struggle between Mujibur Rehman, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and General Yahya Khan in 1970 which led to disintegration of United Pakistan, Ahmad joined hands with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and served as the Foreign minister of Pakistan. His term was cut short after the successful implementation of military coup d'état, codename Operation Fair Play, and subsequently retired from the civil services after he made strong comments against the military dictatorship of General Zia-ul-Haq. From 1977 until his death in 1982, Ahmed lived a quiet life in Islamabad and died in 1982.

Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II (Arabic/Persian: غياث الدين كيخسرو بن كيقباد‎, Ghīyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Kayqubād; Turkish: II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev) was the sultan of the Seljuqs of Rûm from 1237 until his death in 1246. He ruled at the time of the Babai uprising and the Mongol invasion of Anatolia. He led the Seljuq army with its Christian allies at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243. He was the last of the Seljuq sultans to wield any significant power and died a vassal of the Mongols.

Kaykhusraw was the son of Kayqubad I and his Armenian wife　Hunat Hatun, the daughter of Kir Fard. Although Kaykhusraw was the eldest, the sultan had chosen as heir the younger ‘Izz al-Din, one of his two sons by an Ayyubid princess. In 1226 Kayqubad assigned the newly annexed Erzincan to Kaykhusraw. With the general Kamyar, the young prince participated in the conquest of Erzurum and later Ahlat.

In 1236-37, raiding Mongols assisted by the Georgians devastated the Anatolian countryside as far as the walls of Sivas and Malatya. Since the Mongol horsemen disappeared as quickly as they had come, Kayqubad moved to punish their Georgian allies. As the Seljuq army approached, Queen Russudan of Georgia sued for peace, offering her daughter Tamar in marriage to Kaykhusraw. This marriage took place in 1240.