上賀茂神社「賀茂競馬」2012年 京都市登録無形民族文化財

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• published: 05 May 2012
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http://tokotokoto.com/ 上賀茂神社「賀茂競馬」2012年です。 京都・上賀茂神社では、五月五日、葵祭の前儀としておこなわれている勇壮な競馬会がある。この競馬会が、日本の競馬の発祥といわれている。 競馬は、もともと宮中武徳殿で五月五日の節会に、天下泰平、五穀豊穣の祈願のために催されていた。上賀茂神社の競馬は、1093年に宮中の競馬会式を移したものである。10番20匹の競駆を行う。この競馬料所（競馬に関する費用等を負担する領地）として19国20箇所の荘園を堀河天皇（在位1086～1106）が寄進したことに始まる。倭文地区(旧旭町も含む倭文庄)もこの頃上賀茂神社の荘園になった。競馬会の一番古い史料は、寿永3年(1184)の源頼朝の下文である。 The ritual of horse racing in Japan is called "Kurabeuma", which dates back to the 8th century. Originally, Kurabeuma is the part of seasonal ceremony, which falls on the 5th day of the 5th month of the lunar calendar in each year. The ceremony holds in presence of their majesties in front of Butoku-den (Hall of Martial Arts) of the Imperial court. In the 9-10th century, emperors and nobles often used to hold Kurabeuma on the grounds of noble's courts, temples, shrines, and so on. However, after the 12th century, Kurabeuma declined due to adverse effects of wars that had taken place in Kyoto. Being a ritual of historical importance, nowadays, Kurabeuma is limited to the Kamigamo shrine. Kurabeuma is different from current horse racing ("Keiba" in Japanese). The characteristics of Kurabeuma are; Norijiri (horse riders) consist of 20 persons who are more than 5th rank. A pair of Norijiri divided into left team and right team performs the race. The start position is different. At the start position, one Norijiri leads by one length. If he leads by more than one length at the goal, he wins. But the other moves up less than one length, he loses. According to tradition, Emperor Horikawa transferred Kurabeuma to Kamigamo Shrine in 1093 and the ritual continued until today. In Kamakura period (around 12th century), horse race system was organized and twenty local lands of all Japan were designated as "supplyers of racing horses". Owner of the designated land offered a horse to perform the race. All members of Kurabeuma-e-Shinji consist of Clan Kamoagatanushi (priests of Kamigamo Shrine since ancient times)