Ran Wei (冉�) �
â†? 350–352 →   →
Capital	Yecheng
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
- 350-352	Ran Min
Crown Prince
- 352	Ran Zhi
History
- Established	350
- Ran Min's capture by Former Yan	17 May 352
- Ran Min's death	1 June 352
- Disestablished	8 September 352 352

Ran Min (simplified Chinese: 冉闵; traditional Chinese: 冉閔; pinyin: RÇ?n MÇ?n; died 352), also known as Shi Min (ç?³é–”), posthumously honored by Former Yan as Heavenly Prince Daowu of (Ran) Wei ((冉)é­?悼武天ç?‹), courtesy name Yongzeng (永曾), nickname Jinu (æ£?奴), was a military leader during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China and the only emperor of the short-lived state Ran Wei (冉é­?). Ran (冉) is an uncommon Chinese family name. He was known for ordering massacres of Jie people under Later Zhao.

Family background[link]

Ran Min's father Ran Liang (冉良), who later changed his name to Ran Zhan (冉ç?»), and from Wei Commandery (é­?郡, roughly modern Handan, Hebei) and was a descendant of an aristocratic family, but one who must have, in the serious famines circa 310, joined a group of refugees led by Chen Wu (陳å??). When Later Zhao's founder Shi Le defeated Chen in 311, he captured the 11-year-old Ran Zhan as well, and for reasons unknown, he had his nephew Shi Hu adopt Ran Zhan as his son and change his name accordingly to Shi Zhan. Ran Min's mother was named Wang (ç?‹). It is not known when he was born, but he would have been known as Shi Min.

A Shi Zhan was mentioned to have died in battle when Shi Hu was defeated by Han Zhao's emperor Liu Yao in 328, but it is not clear whether this Shi Zhan was Shi Min's father.

During Shi Hu's reign[link]

As Shi Min grew in age, Shi Hu became impressed by his bravery in battle and battlefield tactics, and he treated Shi Min as his own son. The first mention in history of him as a general was in 338, when Shi Hu unsuccessfully tried to destroy the rival state Former Yan but saw his army collapse after sieging the Former Yan capital Jicheng (æ£?å??, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning) for about 20 days but failing to capture it. The only army group that remained intact was the one commanded by Shi Min.

During the remainder of Shi Hu's reign, Shi Min was often referred to as a general he turned out to be. For example, in 339, when the Jin general Yu Liang considered launching a major campaign against Later Zhao, Shi Hu chose to react, and he had his general Kui An (夔安) command five generals, one of whom was Shi Min, to attack Jin's northern regions. (Shi Min's later ally Li Nong (æ??è¾²) was one of the other generals, while Shi Hu's son Shi Jian the Prince of Yiyang was another.) Shi Min was successful in his task, and the five generals together inflicted heavy damages, thwarting Yu's plans. For his accomplishments, Shi Min was created the Duke of Wuxing.

During the confusion after Shi Hu's death[link]

After Shi Hu's death in 349, his youngest son and crown prince Shi Shi became emperor, but the government was controlled by Shi Shi's mother Empress Dowager Liu and the official Zhang Chai (張豺). Shi Shi's older brother Shi Zun the Prince of Pengcheng was unhappy about the situation, and a number of generals who were unimpressed with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang, including Shi Min, suggested that he march to the capital Yecheng and overthrow them. Shi Zun did so—and also promised to create Shi Min crown prince if they were victorious. In summer 349, Shi Zun defeated Shi Shi's forces and deposed and killed him, along with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang Chai. Shi Zun claimed the imperial title. However, he did not appoint Shi Min crown prince as promised, but rather appointed another nephew Shi Yan (��) a crown prince. Further, while he gave Shi Min important posts, he did not allow him to have control of the government, as Shi Min wished. Shi Min became disgruntled.

In winter 349, in fear of Shi Min, Shi Zun summoned a meeting of the princes before his mother, Empress Dowager Zheng, announcing that he would execute Shi Min. Empress Dowager Zheng opposed, reasoning that Shi Min's contributions during the coup against Shi Shi had to be remembered. Shi Zun hesitated, and meanwhile, Shi Jian, one of the princes attending the meeting, quickly reported the news to Shi Min, who acted quickly and surrounded the palace, capturing and executing Shi Zun, Empress Dowager Zheng, Shi Zun's wife Empress Zhang, Shi Yan, and several key officials loyal to Shi Zun. He made Shi Jian emperor, but he and Li Nong seized the control of the government.

Shi Jian could not endure Shi Min's hold on power, and he sent his brother Shi Bao the Prince of Leping and the generals Li Song (æ??æ?¾) and Zhang Cai (å¼µæ‰?) against Shi Min, but after they were defeated, Shi Jian pretended as if they acted independently and executed them all. Another brother of his, Shi Zhi the Prince of Xinxing, then rose in the old capital Xiangguo (襄å?‹, in modern Xintai, Hebei), in alliance with the Qiang chieftain Yao Yizhong (å§?弋仲) and the Di chieftain Pu Hong (è’²æ´?) against Shi Min and Li Nong. Shi Jian then tried to have the general Sun Fudu (å­«ä¼?都), a fellow ethnic Jie, attack Shi Min, but Shi Min quickly defeated him, and Shi Jian, trying to absolve himself, then ordered Shi Min to execute Sun. Shi Min, however, began to realize that Shi Jian was behind Sun's attack, and he decided that he needed to disarm the Jie people, who knew that he was not a Jie but ethnically a Han. He ordered that all non-Han not be allowed to carry arms, and most non-Hans fled Yecheng after that. Shi Min put Shi Jian under house arrest with no outside communication.

As the non-Han continued fleeing Yecheng, Shi Min realized that he would not be able to use the Hu (胡 Xiongnu), so he issued an order to the Hans according to which each civil servant who would kill one Hu (胡) and brought his head to him will be promoted in rank by three degrees, and a military officer will be transferred to the service at his Supreme Command. Shi Min himself lead Hans in killing the Hu (胡) and Jie (羯) people without regard for sex or age, during the day were severed tens of thousands heads. In total were killed over 200 thousand people, their bodies were dumped outside the city. Troop commanders in various parts of the state received a prescript from Shi Min to be killing the Hus (胡), as a result a half of the people with high noses and bushy beards were killed. ^[5] Among the 200,000 people who died in the massacre were some ethnic Hans who had high noses or thick beards, both considered to be the indicators of non-Hanness.

In 350, under a pressure from Shi Min, still a nominal head of the state Shi Jian changed the name of his state from Zhao to Wei (è¡›) and the imperial clan name from Shi to Li (æ??). Many key officials fled to Shi Zhi. Local generals throughout the empire effectively became independent, waiting for the conflict to be resolved. As Shi Min troops were busy against Shi Zhi's, Shi Jian made one final attempt against him, ordering general Zhang Shen (å¼µæ²?) to attack the capital after Shi Min left it. However, the Shi Jian's eunuchs reported that to Shi Min and Li Nong, and they quickly returned to Yecheng and executed Shi Jian, killing along 38 of Shi Hu grandsons and the rest of the Shi clan. Shi Min, restoring his father's original family name of Ran (冉), then took the throne as the emperor of a new state, Wei (é­?, note different character from the state name declared previously).

As emperor of Ran Wei[link]

Ran Min honored his mother Lady Wang with a title of empress dowager. He appointed his wife Lady Dong an empress, and his oldest son Ran Zhi a crown prince. His other sons and his ally Li Nong were made princes, Li Nong sons were given titles of dukes. He proclaimed a general amnesty, hoping to have the generals who became independent abide by his edicts, but few of them accepted, though most Han generals outwardly did not defy him either. For unknown reasons, he soon killed Li. He sent a letter to Emperor Mu of Jin's court with a mixed message, appearing to invite Jin to send forces north and agreeing to submit, but the letter could also be read as a defiant challenge. Jin did not react, although it began to also seek allegiance of the generals in the former territory of Later Zhao southern provinces.

Ran Min's brief reign was characterized by rash decisions and massive executions. He would often react violently to advisors who suggested ideas different from his own, including killing them, and then regret those violent reactions after he realized that he was wrong.

In spring 351, Ran Min set a siege of the Shi Zhi's capital Xiangguo. Shi Zhi sought aid from Former Yan's prince Murong Jun and was able to deal Ran a major defeat. At this time, the Xiongnu soldiers in Yecheng rebelled, captured his son Ran Yin, and surrendered to Shi Zhi, who executed Ran Yin. Ran Min was thought to be dead, but when he appeared in Yecheng, the city was calmed. Shi Zhi had his general Liu Xian (�顯) siege Yecheng, but Ran Min defeated Liu in battle and awed him so much that Liu agreed that once he returned to Xiangguo, he would kill Shi Zhi and surrender. He did so and sent Shi Zhi's head to Ran Min, and Ran Min had Shi Zhi's head be burned on a busy street in Yecheng. Later Zhao was at its final end.

However, wars continued. Liu Xian, after briefly submitting to Ran Min, proclaimed himself emperor. The western provinces were taken over by Fu Jiàn, who established Former Qin. The southern provinces larely switched their allegiance to Jin. Meanwhile, Former Yan, which had already captured You Province (å¹½å·?, modern Beijing, Tianjin, and northern Hebei) and moved its capital to Jicheng (è–?å??, in modern Beijing -- note different character than old capital), continued to advance south. Ran Min, who captured Xiangguo in early 352 and executed Liu Xian, decided to head north to face the Former Yan army, against advice of several officials who felt that his army needed a rest. The Former Yan general Murong Ke, Murong Jun's brother, pretended to lose several skirmishes and then retreat, tricking Ran Min and his infantry into the open field, and then used his cavalry to surround Ran Min's, inflicting great losses. Ran Min's horse suddenly died, and he fell off and was captured. Former Yan forces delivered him to Murong Jun, and he insulted Murong Jun. Murong Jun had him whipped 300 times and then executed, although was soon fearful that his spirit was causing a draught, and therefore honored him with the posthumous name Daowu. Ran Min's wife Empress Dong and her son Ran Zhi would hold out for several more months, but eventually surrendered later that year, ending Ran Wei's brief existence.

Ran Min is now mostly known for his order to execute all of the Wu Hu, particularly the Jie. Then he fought with Hu armies in Jizhou, lead to several millions of migrants of different races to flee, and in the way they attacked each other and only 2-3/10 people was able to go back to their origins.^[6] The North however soon again fell under control of the Xianbei.

Ran Wei[link]

Personal information[link]

• Father
  • Ran Zhan (冉ç?»), later adopted by Shi Hu and name changed to Shi Zhan (ç?³ç?»), likely died 327 in battle against Han Zhao, posthumously honored as Emperor Gao
• Mother
  • Empress Dowager Wang
• Wife
  • Empress Dong
• Children
  • Ran Zhi (冉智), the Crown Prince (created 350), later created the Marquess of Haibin by Former Yan
  • Ran Yin (冉胤), Prince of Taiyuan (created prince 350, killed by Later Zhao emperor Shi Zhi 351)
  • Ran Ming (冉æ??), Prince of Pengcheng (created prince 350)
  • Ran Yu (冉裕), Prince of Wuxing (created prince 350)
  • Ran Cao (冉æ“?)

See also[link]

• Jie
• Wu Hu
• List of past Chinese ethnic groups
• Later Zhao
• Shi Hu
• Genocide
• Former Yan

References[link]

Ku Hye Sun
Born	(1984-11-09) November 9, 1984 (age 27) Incheon, South Korea[1]
Other names	Goo Hye Sun Koo Hye Seon
Education	Sungkyunkwan University (2011–)[1][2][3] Seoul Institute of the Arts (withdrew)
Occupation	Actress, Director, Screenwriter, Artist, Singer, Composer, Author
Agent	YG Entertainment
Height	1.63 m (5 ft 4 in)[1]
Website
kuhyesun.com

This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or Hanja.

Ku Hye Sun (Korean: 구í??ì„ , born November 9, 1984) is a South Korean actress, singer, author and director. An admirer of Leonardo Da Vinci,^[4] Ku also dabbles in directing, writing, illustrating, singing and composing. She is best known for her role as Geum Jan Di in the hit TV show Boys Over Flowers.

Career[link]

Ku entered the entertainment industry after gaining popularity on the internet as an ulzzang. She began her acting career in one-act dramas and the sitcom Nonstop 5. She was also co-MC with Heechul of Super Junior on SBS's weekly live music show Inkigayo from April 23, 2006 to February 18, 2007.

Ku soon rose to fame in the drama Pure in Heart and surprised critics with her performance in the historical drama The King and I. She is most well known for portraying Geum Jan-di in the hit KBS drama Boys Over Flowers. After a year in limbo with no broadcasting slot,^[5][6] her pre-produced drama The Musical finally aired in September 2011.^[7][8][9] Ku next starred as a female pilot in the SBS series Take Care of Us, Captain,^[10][11][12] followed by the Taiwanese drama adaptation of the manga Absolute Boyfriend.^[13][14]

Originally set to debut as a singer (supposedly in a 3-member girl group with 2NE1's Park Bom and Sandara Park), YG Entertainment CEO Yang Hyun-seok advised Ku to pursue acting rather than music. In recent years, she has displayed her vocal talents through Saranga (which became the title song of Pure in Heart), a cover of Shim Soo-bong's I Don't Know Anything But Love (which played during a crucial scene in Boys Over Flowers), and a duet of Kim Gun Mo's song Rain Falls on a Sleepless Night with Big Bang member Seungri on the music talk show Lee Hana's Peppermint. Ku has also composed an album of New Age music titled Breath.

Ku wrote Tango, a semi-autobiographical novel about a twenty-something woman's experience with love and relationships. The book was a bestseller, selling 30,000 copies within a week. Its release coincided with her first solo art exhibition, also titled Tango, in July 2009 at La Mer Gallery, which attracted 10,000 visitors. The exhibition featured around 40 of Ku's illustrations, some from her novel.^[15][16][17] She has also done artwork for Gummy's fourth album Comfort.

Ku made her official debut as a director through her short film The Madonna (Korean title translates to The Cheerful Caretaker) at the 2009 Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival.^[18][19][20] In 2010 she wrote and directed her first feature-length film Magic,^[21] followed by more short films and trailers.

In 2011 Ku established her own company, Ku Hye-sun Film, under which she will produce and film her projects, which offers her a measure of legal/business protection.^[22] Her second directorial feature The Peach Tree was the first film made by her newly established production company.^[23][24][25] She said of directing, "It’s tiring and grueling. At times you ask yourself, 'Why am I doing this?' But movies have the ability to make you feel alive."^[26]

Filmography[link]

As Actress[link]

As Director[link]

Books[link]

• Tango (novel, 2009)^[32]

Discography[link]

• Ku Hye-sun's Sketchbook - Breath (album, 2009, YG Entertainment/Mnet Media)^[33]

Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Official Twitter Account
• Mini-Homepage at Cyworld
• Me2day Account
• Hye-sun Koo at the Internet Movie Database

Lee Ji-sun (Hangul: �지선,^[1] born April 6, 1983), also known as Sun Lee in the Western media, is a South Korean who attended Parsons The New School for Design. She is the reigning Miss Korea 2007 and represented her country at the Miss Universe 2008 pageant held in Nha Trang, Vietnam with 79 other delegates.

Miss Korea 2007[link]

Lee competed in the 51st Miss Korea pageant, which she won. Lee donated 100% of her Miss Korea winnings to a charity fund for the elderly. Lee has also spent 3 days in North Korea as a Peace Ambassador for the World Trade Centers Association.^[2]

Miss Universe 2008[link]

Prior to the pageant, Lee underwent training, alongside Hiroko Mima, with the director of Miss Universe Japan Ines Ligron. Ligron was responsible for the training of former Miss Universe 2007 Riyo Mori and 1st runner up of 2006 Kurara Chibana. In spite being favoured by numerous pageant sites as a potential semifinalist, Ligron's claim that Lee had a shot at the crown, and her determination to do well in the pageant, she was ultimately unplaced on the final night.^[3]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Lee Ji-sun's Cyworld
• Lee Ji-sun's Profile in Miss Korea Website
• Miss Korea homepage in Korean
• Article on Lee Ji-sun
• "Japan and South Korea beauties hit the catwalk before Miss Universe pageant"

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Denez Prigent
Denez Prigent in 2005
Background information
Born	(1966-02-17) 17 February 1966 (age 46) Santec, France
Genres	Kan ha diskan, gwerz
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, poet
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1980s–present
Labels	Barclay
Website	www.denezprigent.com

Denez Prigent (IPA: [Ë?dẽË?nes Ë?priË?ʒẽn(t)]; born 17 February 1966 in Santec, Finistère) is a French (Breton) folk singer-songwriter of the gwerz and kan ha diskan styles of Breton music. From his debut at the age of 16 he was known for singing traditional songs a cappella, and has moved on to singing his own songs with techno music accompaniments. He has performed in France as well as internationally, and has recorded four studio albums and a live album.

Biography[link]

Childhood and early career[link]

During his childhood, Prigent lived with his father in Le Relecq-Kerhuon and spent his weekends at his grandmother's, in Santec.^[1] His father, a primary teacher, raised him speaking French, although he spoke Breton fluently, because he did not see the point in teaching Breton to his son.^[2] Denez thus discovered the Breton language at his grandmother's, along with its natural harmony and the tendency of Breton speakers of that time to sing written or improvised songs.^[3] While in secondary in Brest he preferred listening to Breton songs on his portable audio player than concentrating on his studies.^[4]

At age 14, Prigent was taught kan ha diskan by Alain Leclère,^[5] himself a former student of Manuel Kerjean,^[6] whose other students include Erik Marchand.^[7] Two years later, in 1982, he sang with Alain Leclère in festoù-noz. In the Kan ar Bobl, he won the first prize in kan ha diskan in 1987, the first prize in new singing in 1988 and the first prize in traditional singing in 1990.^[1]

In 1988, driven by his passion for the Breton language, he became a Breton teacher in Carhaix,^[3] during which he was regularly invited in traditional music festivals^[8] such as the Tombées de la nuit (Nightfalls) and the Festival Interceltique de Lorient. In 1991, the city of Rennes invited him to participate in the "Voice of Asia" festival due to take place in its newly twinned city of Alma Ata, Kazakhstan. Surprised by this invitation, Prigent wrote a satirical song, "Son Alma Ata" (later included on Sarac'h) about the incongruity for a Breton singer to be sent to perform in Kazakhstan. This first concert abroad gave him an opportunity to discover the Kazakh people, then integrated into the Soviet Union, and compare its situation to that of the Breton people, integrated into France. ^[9] In 1991, Prigent resigned from his teaching position in order to pursue his artistic career.^[3] While collecting the lyrics of traditional songs, he met Eugénie Ebrel née Goadec, one of the three Goadec sisters who revived Breton a cappella singing in the 1960s. She provided him with the lyrics of "Ti Eliz Iza", and her daughter, Annie Ebrel, decided to join him on stage.^[5]

In 1992, Prigent sang a cappella during the Transmusicales, in front of an audience unused to this style. He subsequently left the band Daouarn with which he had sung in festoù-noz. He performed in the Montreux Jazz Festival, the Francofolies, the Midem, the Printemps de Bourges, the Coup de Cœur francophone in Quebec, the Mitte Europa festival, the Celtic Connection festival in Scotland, Expo '98 in Lisbonne, and the Eisteddfod festival in Wales.

[edit] Ar gouriz koar (1993)

Breton dancers.

In 1993, Prigent released his first album Ar gouriz koar (translated The Wax Belt) on Auvidis/Silex. Although the album was, at first, intended for promoting Prigent's songs to festival organizers rather than for being sold to the general audience, its sales approached 50,000 copies.^[6] Most of the songs are traditional Breton folk songs sung a cappella. However, former Storlok members Denez Abernot and Bernez Tangi wrote "Plac'h Landelo" and "Gwerz ar vezhinerien", respectively, while Prigent himself wrote "Gwerz an aksidan". Like all of his subsequent recordings, Ar gouriz koar is sung in the kan ha diskan and gwerz styles.

When Prigent failed to receive compensation from Auvidis/Silex for sales of the album, he sued the label and signed with Barclay Records for his subsequent releases. Further sales of Ar gouriz koar were blocked but Auvidis kept the original records,^[6] and in 1996 Prigent released a new recording of Ar gouriz koar with Barclay. For this and all subsequent recordings, Prigent uses the Peurunvan unified Breton orthography.

[edit] Introduction to electronic music and Me 'zalc'h ennon ur fulenn aour (1993–1999)

A Rave party.

At his wife's request, Prigent attended the first rave party held in Rennes, in 1993, in spite of his negative prejudice.^[6] There, he discovered a music that, like Breton music, is primarily meant to support dancing. Noticing that electronic music and Breton music are based on similar rhythms and notes closed to one another, he contemplated using it to accompany his songs.

In 1995, Prigent appeared in Dao Dezi.^[10] The goal of this project of Éric Mouquet, a member of Deep Forest, and Guilain Joncheray is to treat Breton music in the same way that Deep Forest treated African music, with traditional lyrics and electronic accompaniments. Michel Sanchez, the other member of Deep Forest, also worked on the album, recorded and mixed by Erwin Autrique. Breton singers Arnaud Maisonneuve and Manu Lann Huel also appear on the album, as well as Tri Yann. It is Prigent's first experience combining Breton lyrics and electronic music.

Quimper Cathedral, one of the stops of Tro Breizh.

Prigent released his second album, Me 'zalc'h ennon ur fulenn aour (I keep in myself a golden spark), in 1997. He wrote all the lyrics, with the exception of the traditional song Ar rannoù that appears in the Barzaz Breiz, and most of the musics, using both traditional instruments and electronic sounds. The subjects of the lyrics are the classical topics of gwerz : injustice, disease, death. E trouz ar gÃ?r, about the artificial aspects of living in a city, and An hentoù adkavet, about the revival of the Tro Breizh, are his first songs devoted to Brittany, its culture and its relation to nature.

To select electronic samples, Prigent contacted Arnaud Rebotini, who granted him access to his collection of discs.^[6] Prigent mostly chose jungle sounds, finding that their rhythm, at around 160–170 bpm, was well adapted to Breton singing.^[6] In most cases, Prigent's voice was recorded first and electronic sounds were added afterwards. This combination of ancient singing and modern music is illustrated by Ar rannoù, one of the oldest known Breton texts, for which Prigent recomposed the traditional tune using electronic sounds. He compared this treatment of singing and music to that of Alan Stivell^[11] :

Folklore is death. Thanks to musicians like Alan Stivell, who quickly understood that academising Breton music would shortly condemn it, it is now completely anchored in daily life. Attending any fest-noz suffices to understand that we are not maintaining a dying fire. With this disc, I felt like showing a Breton's vision of the world today.^[12]

Although the extreme difference between his a cappella songs and his new tracks using electronic samples received mixed critics, Prigent considered that he remained faithful to the arrhythmic, unmeasured aspect of Breton music.^[6] Particularly in gwerz, the singer must ensure that the intensity of the event being recounted comes first, and for this purpose, not sing in rhythm, but rather make pauses when appropriate. According to Prigent, a measured gwerz loses the identity of Breton singing, while an electronic accompaniment faithful to the arrhytmic song is perfectly natural. Similarly, he attaches a great importance to the traditional pronunciation of Breton, including the dibril,^[3] an alveolar trill used in sung Breton only. It is also essential for him to remain faithful to the writing rules of gwerz, with very long lyrics of which only a part is recorded, and its eternal topics that prevent this genre dating back to the 5th century from going out of fashion. Fidelity to tradition is absolutely not a way of imprisoning himself in his own culture; on the contrary, for Prigent, developing the Breton culture by adapting it to modern technology is a way of opening up to other cultures.^[13]

With this album, Prigent also affirms his writing style. His verses are mostly octosyllables with, generally, a median caesura. This type of verse is very frequent in Breton, since short words are common, and thus long verses unneeded. He only writes in Breton, a language that, according to Prigent, kept its sacred aspect,^[2] contrarily to French. As a consequence, some lyrics remain untranslatable, even for their bilingual author.

In 1998, he took part in Alan Simon's Excalibur, la légende des Celtes, with Roger Hodgson (the singer of Supertramp), Angelo Branduardi and Didier Lockwood.

[edit] Irvi (2000–2002)

A path to a tidal island at low tide.

In 2000, Denez Prigent released his third album, Irvi. This title is the plural of the word erv, i.e. a foam path, meaning a path, only usable at low tide, that links a tidal island to the continent or to another island. The song Hent-eon (foam path) describes the wish of a man from Lesconil to be buried in such a path so that he will be watched over by nature. This idea of a link between two worlds, between life and death, also appears in Daouzek huñvre, where seven lost spirits clothed in flesh walk in line on a foam path.

Like in Me 'zalc'h ennon ur fulenn aour, Denez Prigent wrote all the lyrics, except those of the traditional song E ti Eliz Iza, on the bonus CD, and most of the musics, again using both traditional instruments and electronic sounds. The latter are more discreet than on the previous album; Irvi thus sounds less jungle and more new age.^[14] The main invited musicians are the jazzman Louis Sclavis, the viellist Valentin Clastrier, and the uilleann piper Davy Spillane.

For the first time, French lyrics appear on one of Prigent's albums. They are told by Bertrand Cantat on Daouzek huñvre, whose structure is reminiscent of the twelve series of Ar rannoù. The other voice that can be heard on this album is that of Lisa Gerrard, the singer of Dead Can Dance, on Gortoz a ran (I await). This song, the first one in the album, is part of the soundtrack of Black Hawk Down, a film directed by Ridley Scott.^[15]

Another guest, the bagad Kemper, performs with Denez Prigent on E trouz ar g�r and Ar sonerien du, a gwerz about the legend of the dark sonneurs, a couple of sonneurs (biniou and bombard) which the gendarmes arrested, mistaking them for thieves for whom they were looking. Both were hanged and buried in Pont-l'Abbé before their innocence was established. Their graves are, to this day, a location of pilgrimage.^[16] In Denez Prigent's version of the legend, the gendarmes kill and hang the musicians in order not to admit to having let the real thieves escape, also insisting on the reputation of debauchery which the conformists gave, at the time, to festive music.

This album was nominated for the Victoires de la Musique in 2001.^[17]

After a series of concerts, Prigent recorded a live album, Live Holl a-gevret !, during the Festival interceltique de Lorient in August 2001, guest-starring the bagad Roñsed-Mor of Locoal-Mendon.

[edit] Sarac'h (2003–present)

The urban setting of Rennes, which Denez Prigent sought to leave.

The next album, Sarac'h (rustle), was released in 2003. Lisa Gerrard is again invited, as is Yanka Rupkina, the soloist of the Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir, Karen Matheson of Capercaillie, and the Sami singer Mari Boine. Also appearing are the Dónal Lunny on the bouzouki, Nabil Khalidi on the oud, and Farhad Bouallagi on the violin. Although this album uses electronic sounds, the music is mostly performed on traditional instruments.

The album begins with two traditional songs : An hini a garan, with Lisa Gerrard, and E garnison !, with Louise Ebrel, who had already toured with Prigent.^[4] Two previously unreleased songs written in the beginning of Prigent's career are part of the album, Son Alma Ata and Ar gwez-sapin.

The costarmorican nature to which Denez Prigent returned.

Contrarily to the previous albums, Sarac'h contains very personal lyrics, in which the author writes about himself. N'eus forzh… is about the importance of singing, thanks to which Prigent never loses hope ("leskiñ a ra va zan atav" : my fire always burns). He also resumes a verse already used in E trouz ar gÃ?r sums up his way of life: "n'eus ket un deiz na ganfen ket" (there is not a single day during which I would not sing). In Dispi, he expresses his very pessimistic point of view on the Breton language, an essential topic for Prigent, who only sings in Breton and taught this language. He describes his despair about this situation, writing that those who dreamt of a return to harmony between generations linked by the Breton language and culture were insane.

The eponymous song alone sums up Prigent's main convictions. It relates his own return to nature, when, used to the never-ending noise of the cars on the highway next to which he lived in Rennes, he decided to buy a house in Lanvellec (Côtes d'Armor).^[18] He then rediscovered the silence of nature, with the rustle of the wind in the trees in the background. He drew from that the impression, from which he writes the song, that modernisation cuts people from nature and encourages them to stay alone behind their screens.^[9]

Sarac'h received the best album award of the Breton newspaper, Le Télégramme de Brest. Gilles Servat, who gave him the award, expressed his admiration for Denez Prigent, who he described as "an artist emblematic of the renewal in Breton expression and in the search for new musicalities".^[1]

Since then, Prigent sang on stages such as the Stade de France (for Saint Patrick's Day), the Paléo Festival Nyon (Switzerland), Bercy, the Trans Musicales in China, the theater of Paris, the Vieilles Charrues Festival, the Casino de Paris, the Rozrywki theater in Poland, the Stimmen festival (Germany), the antique roman theater in Vienna and the theater of Tenerife (Canary Islands).

Lyrical influences[link]

Brittany and nature[link]

To Denez Prigent, preserving nature in Brittany is as important as preserving traditions.^[9] In An hentoù adkavet, he pays tribute to those who walk around Brittany, singing. At the same time, he regrets the fact that roads, nowadays, are mostly used by cars, leaving little space to walk.^[19] Similarly, in Ar gwez-sapin, a song about land consolidation, he criticises the replacement of deciduous trees, traditionally seen in Brittany, with conifers, because of which landscapes lose their specificity, and draws the same link again: "He who is made to forget his culture forgets one day his nature".^[20]

The sadness that Denez Prigent feels when he lives in a city is the topic of E trouz ar g�r, which concludes as the world ends, and in Melezourioù-glav, in which he finds a new hope in the last remaining natural element: rain.^[21] Since he cannot find nature around him, Prigent keeps it in his memory (Kereñvor).^[19] He ends up going back to living in the country, as told in Sarac'h.^[9]

Hent-eon is also about harmony with nature, this time in death. The narrator wishes to be buried in a foam path to be eternally cradled by the tide, watched over by his real family: rain, birds, wind, the sea.^[21]

A variation on this conviction is found in Geotenn ar marv, a song against the use of genetically modified organisms in agriculture. To him,^[9] there is no meaning in singing in Breton on a land that has lost its nature due to this "herb of death" sown by "those who shamelessly changed that which could not be changed".^[22]

Injustice, disease, death[link]

A factory in CopÅ?a Mică.

In the tradition of gwerz, Denez Prigent writes about dramatic events about which he hears during a travel, a conversation, or through medias.^[6] The subject of An droug-red is the Ebola epidemy in Zaire.^[19] The main character, seeing everyone dying around him, kills an old woman, allegory of the disease. Copsa Mica is about the Sometra factory, representing the metallurgic industry in CopÅ?a Mică, Romania.^[19] Producing large amounts of pollutants, this factory was one of the only employers of the city. As a result, young people had, for a living, to operate the blast furnace that killed them slowly. Gwerz Kiev relates the Holodomor, the famine that struck Kiev in the 1930s, with casualties estimated to four million.^[23]

Ur fulenn aour is the lament of a young girl sold by her parents to become a prostitute in the Philippines.^[19] A variation on this topic is forced marriage, of which the narrator of A-dreñv va zi is a victim.^[21] Given before her thirteenth birthday to a man who makes her a slave, she sheds her tears on the tree she planted, which bears the best fruit in the world. She hanged her husband, her mother in law and her parents on that tree.

Denez Prigent also covers some of the better-known topics in international politics. An iliz ruz is a very graphical description of the massacre of 2,000 people in a church in Nyarubuyé, Rwanda: "they cut their heads off mercilessly / like one reaps wheat in summer".^[19] Ar chas ruz relates the invasion of Tibet by China, where the "red dogs" kill not only men, but also their culture.^[21]

Two songs are devoted to infanticide. Ar wezenn-dar is more specifically about the case of India, where the policy of population decrease favoured the murder, particularly, of girls.^[19] In Ar vamm lazherez, a woman kills her first twelve daughters before being killed by the thirteenth, who survives by supernatural means to carry out the revenge.^[24]

Discography[link]

• (1992) Ha daouarn (cassette)
• (1993) Ar gouriz koar (new version released in 1996)
• (1997) Me 'zalc'h ennon ur fulenn aour
• (2000) Irvi
• (2002) Live holl a-gevret!
• (2002) Black Hawk Down – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Gortoz a ran)
• (2003) Sarac'h

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Denez Prigent

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Denez Prigent

• Breton music
• Kan ha diskan
• Gwerz

Notes and references[link]

Further reading[link]

• The Barzaz Breiz, compilation of popular songs written by Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué, is a source of inspiration for Denez Prigent, particularly for gwerz. The 4th edition (1848) is available online : first tome and second tome.
• Luzel, François-Marie (1 March 1971) (in French). Chants et Chansons Populaires de Basse Bretagne [Popular Songs of Western Brittany]. Maisonneuve et Larose. ISBN 978-2-7068-1172-2.  Another reference book on Breton songs. Ar bugel koar, which appears on Ar gouriz koar, is included in this book.

External links[link]

• (French) Official site
• Denez Prigent on MusicBrainz

Audio and video documents

• An Tour Tan (the lighthouse, in Breton) is a web site that publishes radio and television shows, in Breton or in French, related to Brittany.

• Concert excerpts: Vieilles Charrues festival (2001), festival de Cornouaille (2001), festival interceltique de Lorient (2003) ; Celtica (2005) : solo, with David Pasquet, with Louise Ebrel
• (Breton) Video interview by Anna Louarn during the Vieilles Charrues festival (2001)
• (Breton) Radio show An divskouarn o nijal, in Decembre 2003, for the release of Sarac'h
• (French) Video interviews for SkinwelWeb (An Tour Tan's television) after his performances : Celtica (2004), Saint-Patrick in Bercy (2005), Celtica (2005)

Lisa Gerrard
Background information
Birth name	Lisa Gerrard
Born	(1961-04-12) 12 April 1961 (age 51)
Origin	Melbourne, Australia
Genres	Neoclassical, New Age, Ethereal Wave, Gothic rock
Occupations	Composer Singer Musician
Instruments	Vocals, accordion, keyboards, yangqin, dulcimer, guitar
Years active	1981–present
Labels	Gerrard Records
Associated acts	Dead Can Dance
Website	Lisa Gerrard

Lisa Gerrard (born 12 April 1961) is an Australian musician, singer, and composer who rose to prominence as part of the music group Dead Can Dance with former music partner Brendan Perry.

Since her career began in 1981, she has been involved in a wide range of projects. Gerrard received a Golden Globe Award for the music score to the film Gladiator, on which she collaborated with Hans Zimmer. In addition to singing, she is an instrumentalist for much of her work, most prolifically using the yangqin (a Chinese hammered dulcimer).

Early life[link]

Lisa Gerrard was born 12 April 1961 in Melbourne and grew up in the suburb of Prahran with her Irish immigrant parents. On her upbringing, she has said she grew up with "Mediterranean music blaring out of the houses" and that this influenced her music, particularly on later Dead Can Dance albums and in her solo and collaborative works.^[1]

Gerrard's first foray into forming bands and creative music-making was the highly experimental Little Band scene. It was at one of these little band events that she first met Dead Can Dance cofounder Brendan Perry. Perry recalls, "It never occurred to me that we would one day collaborate musically together because at the time I thought her music was too avant garde. I particularly remember one song that she sang about finding a man in the park and asking her mother if she could bring him home to keep in her wardrobe as she attacked this chinese dulcimer with two bamboo sticks."^[2]

Career[link]

Dead Can Dance[link]

Dead Can Dance originally formed as a quartet in 1981 in Melbourne, but in 1982 moved to London with members Brendan Perry, Lisa Gerrard, and bass player Paul Erikson. Shortly after coming to England, Erikson flew back to Australia, leaving the band as a duo. Dead Can Dance recorded eight albums on the 4AD Records recording label beginning with the 1984 LP, Dead Can Dance. The band split in 1998, but reunited in 2005 for a world tour.

Solo and collaborative career[link]

	"Now We Are Free" (2000) noicon 30 second extract from "Now We Are Free" by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard. Theme from Gladiator (2000 film).
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

In 1995 Gerrard recorded and released her first solo album The Mirror Pool. After the release of this album, she continued to work with Dead Can Dance, releasing their final album, Spiritchaser, in 1996. Following this, in 1998 she recorded Duality in collaboration with Pieter Bourke. This album would mark the beginning of an extensive collaboration for a number of film scores, including The Insider and Ali. Gerrard began a new collaboration with Patrick Cassidy in 2004 with the release of Immortal Memory. Again, this collaboration was furthered in film work, including Salem's Lot.

The following year in 2005, Gerrard contributed to the Ashes and Snow Soundtrack. For the songs "Womb" and "Wisdom," Gerrard and Patrick Cassidy wrote and performed together. Gerrard's collaboration with Cassidy extended to include work with conductor Julie Rogers on the songs "Devota" and "Vespers."

In 2006, Sanctuary, a documentary about the life and work of Lisa Gerrard, was recorded and released in September 2006. It is the work of multi-skilled producer/director Clive Collier and features extensive interviews with Lisa Gerrard and various people who have collaborated and worked with her in the past including Michael Mann, Russell Crowe, Hans Zimmer, and Niki Caro. The documentary was released on DVD by Milan Entertainment on 24 April 2007.

In the same year, Lisa Gerrard released her second solo album The Silver Tree. This album was markedly different from her previous work and was also her first album released outside of 4AD Records. The album was first released on iTunes, with a wider physical release planned at a future date. The album was nominated for the Australian Music Prize for 2006. It is currently shortlisted as one out of nine of the best Australian albums. In 2007 a retrospective album The Best of Lisa Gerrard, a compilation of fifteen songs, was released covering her career in Dead Can Dance, solo work, and film work.

A world tour was undertaken in 2007 beginning in April in Melbourne, Australia. This tour marked the first time Lisa Gerrard had toured in Australia, with a performance in three cities. The tour was followed by performances in Europe and North America. More performances took place in Europe and Russia from 30 October to 22 November 2007.^[3] In November 2007, Lisa Gerrard collaborated with German electronic musician Klaus Schulze on the double-album Farscape. The album was released 27 July 2008 and was followed by a European tour.

In 2009 Lisa Gerrard completed work on the documentary by Australian adventurer Tim Cope called On the Trail of Genghis Khan and contributed her voice to the soundtrack, which began airing in 2010, of the Japanese NHK taiga drama RyÅ?maden, a story based on the life of Sakamoto Ryoma. Also in 2009, Lisa Gerrard created her own record label, Gerrard Records, which, aside from being a conduit for the release of Gerrard's future works will also act to promote and support unrecognised artists of all genres. In September 2009, Gerrard and Klaus Schulze performed another tour in six European cities - Warsaw, Berlin, Amsterdam, Essen, Paris, and Brussels. This tour coincided with the release of Come Quietly, a joint project between Gerrard and Schulze that was released during the tour.

Lisa Gerrard released her third solo album, The Black Opal in October 2009. The album included collaboration with Michael Edwards, Patrick Cassidy, Pieter Bourke, and James Orr and was the first release to come from Gerrard Records.

In 2010 Gerrard released a new album with fellow composer Marcello De Francisci titled "Departum" from Gerrard Records which was followed by the release of three new singles; "Coming Home" - as featured in Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, "Entry" and "Come This Way".

Gerrard also collaborated with Prash Mistry from "Engine Earz Experiment" on a track titled "Spirit Guide" which will appear on his upcoming album in 2011.

On 1 December 2010 Gerrard capped off a busy 2010 with the release of a new soundtrack album with Cye Wood titled "The Trail of Genghis Khan" which contains music from the Gerrard/Wood score to the documentary TV series by Australian adventurer Tim Cope.

Film career[link]

Paris concert

Lisa Gerrard's first experience in composing music for a film came with the 1989 Spanish film El Niño de la Luna, directed by Agustín Villaronga. The film score was composed by Dead Can Dance and the film featured Lisa Gerrard in her first acting role. El Niño de la Luna describes the story of David, a young orphan with special powers, escaping an institution with the help of a fellow institute inmate, Georgina, played by Lisa Gerrard.

Gerrard participated in a number of musical scores but came to fame as a film composer after recording The Insider in 1999, with Pieter Bourke, and Gladiator in 2000, with Hans Zimmer, which received an Academy Award nomination for best music score, although only Zimmer was nominated. It did, however, win a Golden Globe Award for both composers. Gerrard's score for the New Zealand independent film Whale Rider consisted entirely of solo material; a soundtrack album was released by 4AD.

In 2005 Gerrard collaborated with Ennio Morricone for Fateless followed by a collaboration with Jeff Rona on the score for the feature film "A Thousand Roads" and the song On an Ocean for the Henry Poole Is Here score. Gerrard along with Dead Can Dance also provided several contributions to the soundtrack of Baraka, a visual journey showcasing mankind's impact on our planet. Gerrard was also invited by Denez Prigent to collaborate with him on his piece "Gortoz a ran - J'attends" (meaning "I await"), a piece that was later used in the soundtrack of Ridley Scott's film Black Hawk Down.

In 2009 Lisa Gerrard wrote the score for Balibo, for which she won a Best Feature Film Score award at the 2009 APRA Screen Music Awards and an Aria Award for Best Original Soundtrack/Cast/Show Album at the 2009 Aria Awards. Gerrard finished 2009 by contributing her voice to the theme song for the Japanese NHK taiga drama RyÅ?maden, which began airing in 2010.

In 2010 Gerrard completed the score for "Tears of Gaza" with Marcello De Francisci which was well received despite its controversial theme.^[4] Gerrard also scored the Jim Loach directed Oranges and Sunshine starring Emily Watson and Hugo Weaving released in April 2011 which garnered her with another nomination at the 2011 IF Awards for Best Music Score.

In November 2010 Gerrard provided vocals and additional music for the post-apocalyptic sci-fi thriller Priest scored by Christopher Young which was released in 2011.

In November 2011 Gerrard completed the score for Burning Man which won her Best Music Score at the 2011 Film Critics Circle of Australia awards announced on 10 April 2012, beating scores for Snowtown, The Hunter and Red Dog.

Vocal ability[link]

Europe, 2007.

Gerrard possesses the vocal range of a contralto, spanning from E3-F5.^[5] Her voice has been described as rich, deep, dark, mournful and unique.^[6][7][8]

She also has the ability to extend upwards into the dramatic mezzo-soprano range, examples of such would be on the songs The Host of Seraphim, Elegy, Space Weaver, Come This Way and One Perfect Sunrise.^{[9][10][citation needed]} Gerrard however performs more predominantly in the dramatic contralto range in her other songs, Sanvean, Sacrifice, Largo and Not Yet.^{[11][12][13][14]}

Gerrard sings many of her songs, such as "Now We Are Free", "Come Tenderness", "Serenity", "The Valley of the Moon", "Tempest", "Pilgrimage of Lost Children", "Coming Home" and "Sanvean" in an idioglossia (an idiosyncratic language) that she has developed since the age of twelve.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life[link]

Rotterdam, Netherlands 2007

Gerrard has two children^[15]. She is married to a Polish graphic design artist/music producer Jacek Tuszewski with whom she has a daughter (born 1992). Her nephew, Jack Gerrard, plays for Cairns' post-hardcore act Almost a Square as the drummer and back-up vocalist.

Discography[link]

Dead Can Dance[link]

Career after Dead Can Dance[link]

Lisa Gerrard with Klaus Schulze 2009.

• Solo Albums
  • The Mirror Pool (1995)
  • The Silver Tree (2006), release on iTunes and by Rubber Records and re-released in 2010 by Gerrard Records
  • The Best of Lisa Gerrard (2007)
  • The Black Opal (2009) released by Gerrard Records

• Singles
  • "Sanvean" (1995)
  • "The Human Game" (with Pieter Bourke, 1998)
  • "Abwoon" (with Patrick Cassidy, 2003)
  • "Hommage A Polska. 17 wrzeÅ›nia" (with Klaus Schulze, 2009)
  • Coming Home (2010) released by Gerrard Records
  • Entry (2010) released by Gerrard Records
  • Come This Way (2010) released by Gerrard Records

• Collaboration Albums
  • Duality (1998), with Pieter Bourke
  • Immortal Memory (2004), with Patrick Cassidy
  • Ashes and Snow (2006) with Patrick Cassidy
  • Farscape (2008) with Klaus Schulze
  • Rheingold (2008) with Klaus Schulze
  • DziÄ™kujÄ™ Bardzo (2009) with Klaus Schulze
  • "Come Quietly" (2009) with Klaus Schulze
  • Departum (2010) with Marcello De Francisci
  • The Trail of Genghis Khan (2010) with Cye Wood

Paris, 2009

• Miscellaneous
  • Microfile: Centerfold 7" ("Centerfold" and "Window") (1981)
  • Compilation entitled "From Belgrave with Love" ("Mossaic" by Lisa Gerrard and "Summer house" by Microfilm) 1981
  • The Future Sound of London sample her vocals from the song "Dawn of the Iconoclast" for their 1992 hit single "Papua New Guinea" (1992)
  • French promo CD-single "La bas" and "Lament"
  • Compilation entitled "These Wings without Feathers" ("Dreamsong" and "Untitled") (1996)
  • Guest performer for the industrial/electronic music group Delerium entitled "Forgotten Worlds" on the album, Karma (1997)
  • "The Wings of a Film - The Music of Hans Zimmer" ("Now We Are Free" live)
  • With Orbital: "One Perfect Sunrise" on the album The Blue Album (2004)
  • Orbital featuring Lisa Gerrard: "One Perfect Sunrise" (radio mix) CD single
  • Orbital featuring Lisa Gerrard: "One Perfect Sunrise" (Phil Hartnoll mix) CD single
  • With Denez Prigent: "J'attends - Gortoz A Ran" with Denez Prigent on the album Irvi
  • "An Hini a Garan" with Denez Prigent on the Album Sarac'h
  • Mantras of a Lost Archetype (unreleased solo album)
  • The Ashes and Snow art exhibition by Gregory Colbert, (with Patrick Cassidy and Michael Brook, "Devota", "Vespers", "Womb", "Wisdom")
  • View from a Window collaborative song recording in track title "There in Your Arms" (2008) with Josiah Brooks
  • "Wisdom of Wind" composition with Jeff Rona, recorded by Tarja Turunen for her album My Winter Storm (2007) and present in the "Enough" single (2009)

Movie score composing and contributions[link]

• Dèmoni 2 (1986) (as Dead Can Dance)
• El Niño de la Luna (1989) (as Dead Can Dance, also with Gerrard in her acting debut)
• Baraka (1992) (as Dead Can Dance, with Michael Stearns)
• Heat (1995) featured previously recorded material from The Mirror Pool
• Nadro (1998)
• The 13th Warrior (1999) with Graeme Revell (score later withdrawn)
• The Insider: Soundtrack (1999), with Pieter Bourke
• Gladiator (2000) with Hans Zimmer
• Gladiator: More Music From the Motion Picture (2000, released 2001) with Hans Zimmer
• Mission: Impossible II (2000) with Hans Zimmer
• Black Hawk Down (2001) - Song: "J'attends - Gortoz A Ran" with Denez Prigent
• Ali (2001) with Pieter Bourke
• 9/11 (2002) - Song: "Sorrow" composed with Hans Zimmer
• Whalerider (Original Soundtrack) (2003)
• Tears of the Sun (2003) with Hans Zimmer
• The West Wing (Television) (2003) - Song: "Sanvean" in the episode 7A WF 83429
• King Arthur (2004) - Song: "Amergin's Invocation"
• One Perfect Day (2004)
• The Passion of the Christ (2004) with Patrick Cassidy (score withdrawn)
• Man on Fire (2004) with Harry Gregson-Williams
• 'Salem's Lot (TV mini-series) (2004) with Patrick Cassidy and Christopher Gordon
• Layer Cake (2004)
• A Thousand Roads (2005) with Jeff Rona
• Constantine (2005) (score incomplete and withdrawn)
• Fateless (2005) with Ennio Morricone ("A song", "A Voice from the Inside", "Return to the Life")
• Seoul Train (2005)
• The Greater Meaning of Water (2006) previously recorded material
• The Mist (2007) (The Host of Seraphim)
• Playing for Charlie (2008)
• Ichi (2008) with Michael Edwards
• Henry Poole Is Here (2008)
• Balibo (2009)
• Ryomaden (2010) Theme Song to TV Series
• From Ararat to Zion (2010) with Ara Torosyan
• Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole (2010) -"The Host of the Seraphim" (DCD) and "Coming Home" (solo).
• Oranges and Sunshine (2010)
• Tears of Gaza (2010)
• Samsara (sequel to Baraka) composer of original music, with Michael Stearns and Marcello De Francisci
• Priest - vocals and additional music
• Deus Ex: Human Revolution (2011)
• Diablo 3 (2011)

Live at the Forum, Melbourne, 2 April 2007

Sources[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lisa Gerrard

• Lisa Gerrard: Official Site
• Lisa Gerrard at the Internet Movie Database