Thurgood Marshall: Bio, Quotes, College, Facts, Law, Writings, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1998)

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Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer who was best known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education, a decision that desegregated public schools. He served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit after being appointed by President John F. Kennedy and then served as the Solicitor General after being appointed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. President Johnson nominated him to the United States Supreme Court in 1967. 1908 – Born July 2 at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. 1930 – Graduates with honors from Lincoln University (cum laude). 1934 – Receives law degree from Howard University (magna cum laude) and begins private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. 1934 – Begins to work for Baltimore branch of NAACP. 1935 – Working with Charles Houston, wins first major civil rights case, Murray v. Pearson. 1936 – Becomes assistant special counsel for NAACP in New York. 1940 – Wins Chambers v. Florida, the first of twenty-nine Supreme Court victories. 1943 – Won case for integration of schools in Hillburn, New York. 1944 – Successfully argues Smith v. Allwright, overthrowing the South's "white primary". 1946 – Awarded Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.[46] 1948 – Wins Shelley v. Kraemer, in which Supreme Court strikes down legality of racially restrictive covenants. 1950 – Wins Supreme Court victories in two graduate-school integration cases, Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents. 1951 – Visits South Korea and Japan to investigate charges of racism in U.S. armed forces. He reported that the general practice was one of "rigid segregation." 1954 – Wins Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, landmark case that demolishes legal basis for segregation in America. 1956 – Wins Browder v. Gayle, ending the practice of segregation on buses and ending the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 1957 – Founds and becomes the first president-director counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., a nonprofit law firm separate and independent of the NAACP 1961 – Defends civil rights demonstrators, winning Supreme Court victory in Garner v. Louisiana; nominated to Second Circuit Court of Appeals by President John F. Kennedy. 1961 – Appointed circuit judge, makes 112 rulings, none of them reversed on certiorari by Supreme Court (1961–1965). 1965 – Appointed United States Solicitor General by President Lyndon B. Johnson; wins 14 of the 19 cases he argues for the government (1965–1967). 1967 – Becomes first African American named to U.S. Supreme Court (1967–1991). 1991 – Retires from the Supreme Court. 1991 - Received the Freedom medal[47] 1992 – Receives the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[48] 1992 – Receives the Liberty Medal recognizing his long history of protecting individual rights under the Constitution. 1993 – Dies at age 84 in Bethesda, Maryland, near Washington, D.C. 1993 – Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom, posthumously, from President Bill Clinton. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall