Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (
Arabic:
صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī;[3] 28
April 1937[4] –
30 December 2006) was the fifth
President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July
1979 until
9 April 2003.[5][6] A leading member of the revolutionary
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based
Ba'ath Party and its regional organisation Ba'ath Party –
Iraq Region—which espoused ba'athism, a mix of
Arab nationalism and
Arab socialism—
Saddam played a key role in the
1968 coup (later referred to as the
17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power in Iraq.
As vice president under the ailing
General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces
. In the early
1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and other industries. The state-owned banks were put under his control, leaving the system eventually insolvent mostly due to the
Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, and UN sanctions.[7] Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as oil money helped
Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace.
Positions of power in the country were mostly filled with
Sunnis, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population.
Saddam formally rose to power in 1979, although he had been the de facto head of Iraq for several years prior. He suppressed several movements, particularly
Shi'a and
Kurdish movements, seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence,[8] and maintained power during the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War. Whereas some[9] venerated Saddam for his opposition to
Israel—which included the use of military force[10]—he was widely condemned in the west for the brutality of his dictatorship.
In 2003, a coalition led by the
U.S. and
U.K. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, in which
U.S. President George W. Bush and
British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's
Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held.
Following his capture on
13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the
Iraqi interim government. On
5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted of charges related to the
1982 killing of 148
Iraqi Shi'ites and was sentenced to death by hanging. His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006.
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was born in the town of Al-Awja, 13 km (8 mi) from the Iraqi town of
Tikrit, to a family of shepherds from the al-Begat tribal group, a sub-group of the
Al-Bu Nasir (البو ناصر) tribe. His mother,
Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat, named her newborn son Saddam, which in Arabic means "One who confronts". He is always referred to by this personal name, which may be followed by the patronymic and other elements. He never knew his father,
Hussein 'Abid al-Majid, who disappeared six months before Saddam was born. Shortly afterward, Saddam's 13-year-old brother died of cancer. The infant Saddam was sent to the family of his maternal uncle
Khairallah Talfah until he was three.[12]
His mother remarried, and Saddam gained three half-brothers through this marriage. His stepfather,
Ibrahim al-Hassan, treated Saddam harshly after his return. At about age 10, Saddam fled the family and returned to live in
Baghdad with his uncle Kharaillah Tulfah. Tulfah, the father of Saddam's future wife, was a devout
Sunni Muslim and a veteran from the
1941 Anglo-Iraqi War between Iraqi nationalists and the
United Kingdom, which remained a major colonial power in the region.[13]
Later in his life relatives from his native Tikrit became some of his closest advisors and supporters. Under the guidance of his uncle he attended a nationalistic high school in Baghdad. After secondary school Saddam studied at an Iraqi law school for three years, dropping out in
1957 at the age of 20 to join the revolutionary pan-Arab Ba'ath Party, of which his uncle was a supporter. During this time, Saddam apparently supported himself as a secondary school teacher.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein
- published: 29 Jan 2015
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