Moshe Gil (Hebrew: משה גיל) (born 1921) is an Israeli historian.

Moshe Gil specializes in the historical interaction between Islam and the Jews, including the history of Palestine under the Islamic domination, the institution of the Exilarchate, and Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites. Gil is professor emeritus of the Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies at Tel Aviv University and holds the Joseph and Ceil Mazer Chair in the History of the Jews in Muslim Lands.

In 1998, Gil was awarded the Israel Prize, for "Land of Israel" studies, primarily for his work analyzing some 846 document fragments from the Cairo Genizah and for his work in documenting the role of Jewish merchants in the development of medieval society.

Moshe Silman (Hebrew: משה סילמן‎; 26 November 1954 - 20 July 2012) was an Israeli activist who set himself on fire during a social justice demonstration held on 14 July 2012, in protest of Israel's welfare system. Silman was burned severely, hospitalized, and died of his injury a week later.

Silman's self-immolation was widely covered in the Israeli and international media and was followed by a wide public and political discourse within the Israeli society.

Moshe Silman was born in 1954. He was never married and he had no children. He spent several years in the United States, and when he returned to Israel he established the trucking business "Mika Transportation" which operations was based on four trucks.

In 2002 Silman was charged by the National Insurance Institute of Israel to pay 15,000 NIS. After he did not pay the sum due to a dispute regarding the justification of the billing, one of his trucks were confiscated by the National Insurance Institute and a year later was sold, after Silman did not pay his debt to the National Insurance Institute. As a result, Silman filed a tort claim against the National Insurance Institute, claiming that the institute caused him damages of more than 4.5 millions and a foreclosure due to the confiscation of his truck. Silman asked the court to exempt paying for the legal procedure but he was refused, after the court's registrar held that "the amount of the claim is absurd, and so is the attempt to link the failures of the National Insurance Institute to the damage caused to applicant." Silman later on filed an appeal for this decision to the Supreme Court, but it was refused by the court's registrar, on the grounds that Silman must appeal in the district court.