- published: 18 May 2016
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A Massive open online course (MOOC) is a course where the participants are distributed and course materials also are dispersed across the web. This is possible only if the course is open, and works significantly better if the course is large. The course is not a gathering, but rather a way of connecting distributed instructors and learners across a common topic or field of discourse. MOOCs are a more recent form of online course development, departing from formats that rely on posted resources, Learning Management Systems, and structures that mix the LMS with more open web resources.
MOOCs are founded on the theory of connectivism and an open pedagogy based on networked learning. Typically, participation in a MOOC is free; however, some MOOCs may charge a fee in the form of tuition if the participant seeks some form of accreditation. Although the courses generally do not have specific requirements all MOOCs provide rough timelines in the form of weekly topics to focus discussion. The rest of the structure can be minimal – often consisting of a weekly presentation on the current topic, discussion questions, and suggested resources. In recognition that those attending a MOOC are expected to make the course their own, guidance tends to focus on allowing curriculum and structure to emerge from the exchange between participants. Posting in discussions, reflecting on topical ideas, and sharing resources using a variety of social media are at the core of the MOOC learning process.
The Swedish Constitution consists of four fundamental laws (Swedish: grundlagar):
There is also a law on the working order of the Parliament of Sweden with a special status but which does not qualify as a fundamental law, although certain parts of it are harder to change than ordinary laws:
To amend or to make a revision of a fundamental law, the Parliament needs to approve the changes twice in two successive terms, with a general election having been held in between. The change can be dismissed but not formally approved by a popular vote coinciding with such a general election, although this option has never been used. If the people do not dismiss a change, it still has to be ratified by the newly elected Parliament.
The most important of the fundamental laws is the Instrument of Government (Swedish: Regeringsformen, RF). It sets out the basic principles for political life in Sweden defining rights and freedoms.
The parliamentarian Instrument of Government of 1974 grants the power to commission a prime minister to the Parliament (Swedish: Riksdag) at the suggestion of the Speaker of the Riksdag. The prime minister appoints members of Cabinet including heads of ministries, totalling to approximately 22 members. The Cabinet collectively decides governmental matters after hearing the report of the head of the relevant ministry. At least five Cabinet members are to be present at the decision. In practice, reports are written and discussions very rare during formal Cabinet meetings.
Der may refer to:
DER may be an acronym for:
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