- published: 10 Aug 2015
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A breve (/ˈbriːv/; French: [ˈbʁɛv]; from the Latin brevis "short, brief") is a diacritical mark ˘, shaped like the bottom half of a circle. It resembles the caron (i.e. wedge or háček in Czech), but is rounded, while the caron has a sharp tip. Compare Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ (caron) with Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ (breve).
The breve sign indicates a short vowel, as opposed to the macron ¯ which indicates long vowels, in academic transcription. It is often used this way in dictionaries and textbooks of Latin, Ancient Greek and some other languages, such as Tuareg. (However, there is a frequent convention of indicating only – but all – the long vowels: it is then understood that a vowel with no macron is short.)
In Cyrillic script, a breve is used for Й (a semivowel I). In Belarusian, it is used for both the Cyrillic Ў (semivowel U) and in the Latin (Łacinka) Ŭ. Ў was also used in Cyrillic Uzbek under the Soviet Union. The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet uses a breve for Ӂ (the equivalent of G before E or I in the Latin script). In Chuvash, a breve is used for Cyrillic letters Ӑ (A-breve) and Ӗ (E-breve). Note that traditional Cyrillic breve differs in shape from Latin, being thicker on the edges of the curve and thinner in the middle. In Roman types the shape becomes "ears"-like.
Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author. His key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding gravitational singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation (or sometimes as Bekenstein–Hawking radiation).
He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009. Subsequently, he became research director at the university's Centre for Theoretical Cosmology.
Hawking has a motor neurone disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a condition that has progressed over the years. He is now almost completely paralysed and communicates through a speech generating device. He has been married twice and has three children. Hawking has achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; these include A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
There’s something coming
And its coming for you
The mob is restless
Looking for something new
You lead us here
With an eternal promise
The gallows are calling
For you to pay for this
Now that we’re left here on our own
There is nowhere left to turn
Who will see me through?
Your heroes are dead
They were all in you head
When nothing is left we’ll start again
What fitting ends
To our fearless fathers
The cost of treason
Isn't paid in dollars
With nothing left
There is nothing to lose
We’ll watch the city gates
Falling all around you
You said id never make it
That I could only fail
But I'm the one who’s standing
And what has happened to you?
Now that we’ve said goodbye to you
We’ve started something new
Your heroes are gone
They left with the dawn