Katyn Forest Massacre - Execution of Polish Officers by the Soviet NKVD in 1940_WWII Documentary
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This film explores the
Katyn Forest massacre of
World War II.
The original title of this video is: "
Katyn (
1973)".
About the massacre
The
Katyn massacre, also known as the Katyn Forest massacre (
Polish: zbrodnia katyńska, mord katyński, '
Katyń crime';
Russian: Катынский расстрел Katynskij ra'sstrel 'Katyn shooting'), was a mass execution of Polish nationals carried out by the
People's Commissariat for
Internal Affairs (
NKVD), the
Soviet secret police, in April and May
1940. The massacre was prompted by
Lavrentiy Beria's proposal to execute all members of the Polish
Officer Corps, dated 5
March 1940. This official document was approved and signed by the
Soviet Politburo, including its leader,
Joseph Stalin. The number of victims is estimated at about 22,
000, with 21,768 being a lower bound. The victims were murdered in the
Katyn Forest in
Russia, the
Kalinin and
Kharkiv prisons and elsewhere. Of the total killed, about 8,000 were officers taken prisonerduring the
1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, another 6,000 were police officers, with the rest being
Polish intelligentsia arrested for allegedly being "intelligence agents, gendarmes, landowners, saboteurs, factory owners, lawyers, officials and priests."
The term "Katyn massacre" originally referred specifically to the massacre at Katyn Forest, near the villages of Katyn and
Gnezdovo (approximately 19 kilometers/12 miles west of
Smolensk, Russia), of
Polish military officers in the
Kozelsk prisoner-of-war camp. This was the largest of several simultaneous executions of prisoners of war. Other executions occurred at the geographically distant
Starobelsk and
Ostashkov camps, at the NKVD headquarters in Smolensk, and at prisons in Kalinin (
Tver), Kharkiv,
Moscow, and other
Soviet cities. Still more executions took place at various locations in
Belarus and
Western Ukraine, based on special lists of Polish prisoners, prepared by the NKVD specifically for those regions. The modern Polish investigation of the killings covered not only the massacre at
Katyn forest, but also the other mass murders mentioned above. Polish organisations, such as theKatyn Committee and the
Federation of Katyn
Families, consider the victims murdered at the locations other than Katyn as part of the overall massacre.
The government of
Nazi Germany announced the discovery of mass graves in the Katyn Forest in 1943. When the London-based
Polish government-in-exile asked for an investigation by the
International Red Cross,
Stalin immediately severed diplomatic relations with it.
The Soviet Union claimed the victims had been murdered by the Nazis, and continued to deny responsibility for the massacres until
1990, when it officially acknowledged and condemned the perpetration of the killings by the NKVD, as well as the subsequent cover-up.
An investigation conducted by the
Prosecutor General's
Office of the
Soviet Union (1990--1991) and the
Russian Federation (1991--2004), has confirmed Soviet responsibility for the massacres. It was able to confirm the deaths of 1,803 Polish citizens but refused to classify this action as a war crime or an act of genocide. The investigation was closed on grounds that the perpetrators of the massacre were already dead, and since the
Russian government would not classify the dead as victims of Stalinist repression, formal posthumous rehabilitation was ruled out. The human rights society
Memorial issued a statement which declared "this termination of investigation is inadmissible" and that their confirmation of only 1,803 people killed "requires explanation because it is common knowledge that more than 14,
500 prisoners were killed." In
November 2010, the
Russian State Duma approved a declaration blaming Stalin and other Soviet officials for having personally ordered the massacre.
The fate of the Polish prisoners was raised soon after the
Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June
1941. The Polish government-in-exile and the
Soviet government signed the
Sikorski-Mayski Agreement which announced the willingness of both to fight together against Nazi Germany and for a
Polish army to be formed on Soviet territory. The
Polish general Władysław Anders began organizing this army, and soon he requested information about the Polish officers who were missing. During a personal meeting, Stalin assured him and
Władysław Sikorski, the
Polish Prime Minister, that all the
Poles were freed, and that not all could be accounted because the
Soviets "lost track" of them in
Manchuria. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre
Katyn (1973)