Old maps show Earth is Inverted / Concave (Ptolemy)

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• published: 04 Dec 2014
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http://www.wildheretic.com/concave-earth-theory/ Ptolemy, the creator of our minutes and seconds system and the term setting and rising sun, a term in which we use today. Ptolemy also mapped the universe and shows it as a convex ball and earth as concave. If these cartographers wanted to show convexity, then they would have used barrel distortion on the latitude/longitude lines. They used pin-cushion distortion which indicates concavity Ptolemy’s astronomical studies were the foundation of his ideas about mapmaking. For some forty years he made the astronomical observations which are the basis for the Syntaxis, which has since become more commonly known as the Almagest, Arabic for “The Greatest.” This book is the synthesis of Ptolemy’s scientific theories about the universe, where a spherical earth resided in the center of a spherical heaven. Ptolemy rejected the idea that the earth turned on its axis. In Brown’s words: “He admitted that it was a convenient explanation of the behavior of the heavens, but nevertheless ridiculous” (Brown, 1979, 59). We should not laugh too much. Many centuries later we still say that the sun “rises” in the morning and “sets” in the evening, just as it was thought to do in Ptolemy’s view of the universe! Ptolemy’s studies in astronomy led to his principles for mapping on a precise framework. Identifying particular star locations as points on a grid requires the same techniques that are used in mapping the earth. The Almagest includes instructions for making a celestial globe with a system of coordinates (grid) for 1,022 stars, and the identification of 48 constellations. Further, Ptolemy proposed a system of dividing the 360 degrees of the globe further into the “minutae primae” and “minutae secundae” that became our minutes and seconds. The principles laid down in the Almagest are fundamental to mapping the earth, and it is significant that Ptolemy wrote the Geographia after he had completed the Almagest (Dilke 1987, 183). No manuscript copy of the Almagest dating earlier than the twelfth century is known, when a Greek manuscript of it was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona (Dilke 1987, 177). At the time it seems to have evinced little notice by scholars. https://www.lib.umn.edu/apps/bell/map/PTO/WRITE/alma.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy#Astronomy Is there any way to prove we aren't inside a hollow earth? We asked H.S.M. Coxeter, mathematics professor at the University of Toronto and an expert on inversion geometry. "I can't think of any," he said. "A rocket flight, an eclipse, a Foucault pendulum, a Coriolis effect -- any observation we can make on the outside of the earth has an exact duplicate version inside. There would be no way to tell which was the truth." Just as the geometry of space inverts, so do all the laws of physics. Toward the center of a hollow Earth, light slows down and everything shrinks -- atoms, astronauts, spaceships, and measuring rods. Light travels in circular paths, producing some weird (but lawful) optical effects. Astronauts on the moon looked back on what they thought was a blue sphere in the distance. Actually it was the inside of the earth's shell, throught sight lines that flared like the bell of a trumpet, producing the *illusion* of a sphere. The optical distortion is something like the wide angle view through a fisheye lens. As we look to the sky and the horizons, our visual field is filled with a sphere some 4,000 miles in diameter. Celestial bodies that revolve around the earth's center appear to "rise" and "set" as they enter or leave that sphere. Where do the worlds rivers flow in a concave earth ? In North America, the Mississippi flows South, the Rio Grande flows Southeast, the Colorado flows Southwest, the Columbia flows West, and the Yukon and others in Canada flow pretty much North. I don't know the relative sizes of the rivers, but on average, I would say the average is headed South based on the Mississippi. In South America, the amazon flows East, and most rivers south of there also flow east. The western side of the continent (from the divide) is very small, so not much water flows West. So, the average is definitely East. ==================================== In the north of Europe and Asia, the rivers all flow north. One of Russia's long standing goals has been to acquire a warm-water port. But without sifting through a lot of geography to come up with an "average" answer, I see a trend: In the northern parts of the continent, the rivers flow towards the north. In the southern parts they flow south, etc., etc. In all cases, they flow from the inland parts of the continent, towards the coast. In a word, they flow DOWNHILL. DOWNHILL ;)