Lower Egypt

RADIO STATION	GENRE	LOCATION
Radio Horytna	Alternative,Varied,World Middle East	Egypt
Gr8 Kalthoumiat	60s	Egypt
Nogoum FM 100.6	Varied	Egypt
Radio Tram	Adult Contemporary	Egypt
ERTU Youth & Sports Program	World Middle East	Egypt
ERTU General Program	World Middle East	Egypt
Sawt el Hara	World Middle East	Egypt
Rehab FM	News,Discussion,World Middle East	Egypt
Nile FM Cairo	Rock,Pop,Dance	Egypt
Radio Masr Elgdida	World Middle East	Egypt
ERTU Europe Service	World Middle East	Egypt
SIS Radio	World Middle East	Egypt
Quran Karem	Religious	Egypt
Capital Club Radio	Varied	Egypt
Goal FM	Sports,World Middle East	Egypt
Wasla FM	Varied	Egypt
Radio Cairo	News	Egypt
ERTU Middle East Program	World Middle East	Egypt
ERTU Voice of the Arabs	World Middle East	Egypt
ERTU Music	World Middle East	Egypt
Diab FM	Varied	Egypt
Sky Key radio	Christian	Egypt
Mahatet Masr	Talk,World Middle East	Egypt
Radio Masr 3al Elhawa	Adult Contemporary	Egypt
Gr8 Wardiat	Pop,World Middle East	Egypt
Gr8 Arab Maghreb	World Middle East	Egypt
Radio Sotak	Pop	Egypt

Master of the Two Lands (Upper & Lower Egypt)

Order: Reorder
Duration: 2:08
Updated: 17 Dec 2010
views: 802

http://www.afrostyly.com/english Neb Tawy = nb t3.wy http://www.youtube.com/EgyptDecoded Hieroglyphic alphabet & sign list : http://www.afrostyly.com/gardiner

wn.com/Master Of The Two Lands (Upper Lower Egypt)

A Look At Upper & Lower Egypt & Egyptian Gods & Goddesses

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Duration: 9:08
Updated: 04 Mar 2015
views: 1469

When studying Ancient Egyptian history, one can clearly see a distinction between two separate geographical units. The first is known as Upper Egypt, the strip of land, on both sides of the Nile Valley, that extends from modern-day Aswan to the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Dahshur (south of modern-day Cairo). The second is known as Lower Egypt, the fertile area known as the Nile Delta which stretches between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Dahshur and the Mediterranean Sea. Of course the reason the Upper Egypt (South) is named thus is because of the Nile which origin is located in Africa, though where exactly is yet unknown (Rwanda or Burundi?). This is opposite of what one think for according to the map it should be the other way around, south being lower and north being upper. However, the Egyptians named the areas thus according to the direction of the Nile, therefore, upper is lower and lower is upper. Information taken from: Ancient Egyptian history-www.wordpress.com 2011/07/01 A Look at Upper and Lower Egypt http://i-cias.com/e.o/egypt_low_up.htm 2013/06/22 Music by Incompetech.com

wn.com/A Look At Upper Lower Egypt Egyptian Gods Goddesses

Egypt "Lower Egypt" "Northern Egypt" Cairo, Pyramids,"Egyptian Museum" Memphis, Sakkara.

Order: Reorder
Duration: 52:07
Updated: 19 Sep 2012
views: 5554

link to Upper Egypt on my Channel ;http://youtu.be/f9zvb_OrhIE This film covers Cairo & its surrounds; including the Citadel, Souks, Mohammed Ali Mosque, The Pyramids of Giza, The Sphinx and the spectacular Pyramid Son et Lumiere show. We also visited the ancient capital of Memphis, Dahshur, and Sakkara, finishing in Alexandria. Lower Egypt is the northern-most section of Egypt. It refers to the fertile Nile Delta region, which stretches from the area between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea — from El-Aiyat south of modern-day Cairo, and Zawyet Dahshur. Lower Egypt was known as Ta-Mehu which means "land of papyrus." It was divided into twenty districts called nomes, the first of which was at el-Lisht. Because Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, undeveloped for human life and filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs, the organization of the nomes underwent several changes. The capital of Lower Egypt was Memphis. Its patron Goddess was the cobra goddess Wadjet. Lower Egypt was represented by the Low Red Crown Deshret, and its symbols were the papyrus and the bee.

wn.com/Egypt Lower Egypt Northern Egypt Cairo, Pyramids, Egyptian Museum Memphis, Sakkara.

Pharoah Sanders - Upper Egypt & Lower Egypt (Part 1)

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Duration: 8:49
Updated: 14 Apr 2010
views: 36571

-Title : Upper Egypt & Lower Egypt -Artist : Pharoah Sanders -Album : Tauhid -Year : 1967 -Musicians : Pharoah Sanders (Tenor Sax, piccolo, voice), Dave Burrell (piano), Sonny Sharrock (guitar), Henry Grimes (bass), Roger Blank (drums), Nat Bettis (percussion)

wn.com/Pharoah Sanders Upper Egypt Lower Egypt (Part 1)

Pharoah Sanders - Upper Egypt & Lower Egypt (Part 2)

Order: Reorder
Duration: 7:43
Updated: 14 Apr 2010
views: 23368

-Title : Upper Egypt & Lower Egypt -Artist : Pharoah Sanders -Album : Tauhid -Year : 1967 -Musicians : Pharoah Sanders (Tenor Sax, piccolo, voice), Dave Burrell (piano), Sonny Sharrock (guitar), Henry Grimes (bass), Roger Blank (drums), Nat Bettis (percussion)

wn.com/Pharoah Sanders Upper Egypt Lower Egypt (Part 2)

Albert Ayler - Venus/Upper and Lower Egypt

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Duration: 23:09
Updated: 14 Apr 2014
views: 7652

Pharoah Sanders Ensemble w/Albert Ayler January 21, 1968 in New York City Personnel: Pharoah Sanders (tenor saxophone) Chris Capers (trumpet) Unknown (poss. Noah Howard) (alto saxophone) Albert Ayler (tenor saxophone) Unknown (tenor saxophone) Dave Burrell (piano) Sirone (bass) Roger Blank (drums)

wn.com/Albert Ayler Venus Upper And Lower Egypt

Pharoah Sanders - Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt

Order: Reorder
Duration: 6:01
Updated: 05 Feb 2010
views: 3041

shortened version from the album Red Hot on Impulse

wn.com/Pharoah Sanders Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt

upperand lower egypt

Order: Reorder
Duration: 16:17
Updated: 16 Jul 2013
views: 660

wn.com/Upperand Lower Egypt

Ancient Egypt - National Geographic

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Duration: 3:09
Updated: 28 Feb 2013
views: 4771

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations globally to arise independently. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology)[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh.[2] The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power during the New Kingdom, in the Ramesside period where it rivalled the Hittite Empire, Assyrian Empire and Mitanni Empire, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was invaded or conquered by a succession of foreign powers, such as the Canaanites/Hyksos, Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, Babylonians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians in the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period of Egypt . In the aftermath of Alexander the Great's death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter, established himself as the new ruler of Egypt. This Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt

wn.com/Ancient Egypt National Geographic

Egypt "Upper Egypt" "Southern Egypt" Abu Simbel, Luxor, "Valley of the Kings" and Aswan.

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Duration: 52:53
Updated: 19 Sep 2012
views: 13552

Link to Lower Egypt, the North on my channel; http://youtu.be/I-3yAZCE82E Upper Egypt is the strip of land, on both sides of the Nile valley, that extends between Nubia, and downriver (northwards) to Lower Egypt. Upper Egypt is between the Cataracts of the Nile above modern-day Aswan, downriver (northwards) to the area between Zawyet Dahshur and El-Ayait, which is south of modern-day Cairo. The northern (downriver) part of Upper Egypt, between Sohag and El-Ayait, is also known as Middle Egypt. In Arabic, inhabitants of Upper Egypt are known as Sa'idis; they generally speak Sa'idi Arabic. In Pharaonic times Upper Egypt was known as Ta Shemau[1] which means "the land of reeds." It was divided into twenty-two districts called nomes. The first nome was roughly where modern Aswan is and the twenty-second was at modern Atfih (Aphroditopolis), just to the south of Cairo.

wn.com/Egypt Upper Egypt Southern Egypt Abu Simbel, Luxor, Valley Of The Kings And Aswan.

Upper Egypt And Lower Egypt

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Duration: 6:00
Updated: 05 Apr 2012
views: 129

Pharoah Sanders - Upper Egypt And Lower Egypt

wn.com/Upper Egypt And Lower Egypt

Nile River, Cairo, Lower Egypt, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

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Duration: 0:18
Updated: 04 May 2013
views: 1230

The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is 6,650 km (4,130 miles) long. The Nile is an "international" river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile River provides the primary water resource and so it is the life artery for its downstream countries such as Egypt and Sudan. The Nile has two major tributaries, the White Nile and Blue Nile. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi. It flows north through Tanzania, Lake Victoria, Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and fertile soil. It begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia at 12°02′09″N 037°15′53″E and flows into Sudan from the southeast. The two rivers meet near the Sudanese capital of Khartoum. The northern section of the river flows almost entirely through desert, from Sudan into Egypt, a country whose civilization has depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan, and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks. The Nile ends in a large delta that empties into the Mediterranean Sea. The source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria, but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size. The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba, is the longest feeder, although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile itself. It is either the Ruvyironza, which emerges in Bururi Province, Burundi, or the Nyabarongo, which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda. The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda-Tanzania border. A recent exploration party went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary, and by hacking a path up steep jungle-choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found (in the dry season) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many miles upstream, and found a new source, giving the Nile a length of 4199 miles (6758 kilometers). The Nile (iteru in Ancient Egyptian) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age, with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan. Climate change at the end of the most recent ice age led to the formation of the Sahara desert, possibly as long ago as 3400 BC. The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands. Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile. An Eonile canyon, now filled by surface drift, represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene (23--5.3 million years before present). The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments. During the late-Miocene Messinian salinity crisis, when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so, the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred feet below world ocean level at Aswan and 8,000 feet (2,400 m) below Cairo. This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment when the Mediterranean was recreated. At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris. Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda. The Nile was much longer at that time, with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia.

wn.com/Nile River, Cairo, Lower Egypt, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Nile River, Cairo, Lower Egypt, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Order: Reorder
Duration: 0:14
Updated: 03 May 2013
views: 773

The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is 6,650 km (4,130 miles) long. The Nile is an "international" river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile River provides the primary water resource and so it is the life artery for its downstream countries such as Egypt and Sudan. The Nile has two major tributaries, the White Nile and Blue Nile. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi. It flows north through Tanzania, Lake Victoria, Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and fertile soil. It begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia at 12°02′09″N 037°15′53″E and flows into Sudan from the southeast. The two rivers meet near the Sudanese capital of Khartoum. The northern section of the river flows almost entirely through desert, from Sudan into Egypt, a country whose civilization has depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan, and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks. The Nile ends in a large delta that empties into the Mediterranean Sea. The source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria, but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size. The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba, is the longest feeder, although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile itself. It is either the Ruvyironza, which emerges in Bururi Province, Burundi, or the Nyabarongo, which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda. The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda-Tanzania border. A recent exploration party went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary, and by hacking a path up steep jungle-choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found (in the dry season) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many miles upstream, and found a new source, giving the Nile a length of 4199 miles (6758 kilometers). The Nile (iteru in Ancient Egyptian) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age, with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan. Climate change at the end of the most recent ice age led to the formation of the Sahara desert, possibly as long ago as 3400 BC. The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands. Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile. An Eonile canyon, now filled by surface drift, represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene (23--5.3 million years before present). The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments. During the late-Miocene Messinian salinity crisis, when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so, the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred feet below world ocean level at Aswan and 8,000 feet (2,400 m) below Cairo. This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment when the Mediterranean was recreated. At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris. Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda. The Nile was much longer at that time, with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia.

wn.com/Nile River, Cairo, Lower Egypt, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Khalil Shaheed China (Lower Egypt)

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Duration: 14:57
Updated: 07 Mar 2016
views: 64

wn.com/Khalil Shaheed China (Lower Egypt)

Minister EnQi KT Arch Degree The Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt Snippet

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Duration: 4:38
Updated: 28 Dec 2014
views: 539

wn.com/Minister Enqi Kt Arch Degree The Unification Of Upper And Lower Egypt Snippet

Egypt: Engineering an Empire

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Duration: 90:34
Updated: 09 May 2014
views: 143953

Menes, the founding king of the First Dynasty and the first pharaoh to unify Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom, oversaw the construction of the world's first dam, a massive, 50-foot-high wall that protected Egypt's capital Memphis from the Nile's ravaging flood waters. An enterprising young pharaoh named Djoser, in 2668 B.C. commissioned a colossal burial tomb which would become the first stone building ever erected on Earth, and the first of Egypt's 100 pyramids. Pharaoh Snefru, who married his half-sister in an effort to solidify his claim to the throne, was a benevolent leader but a brutal warrior who looted neighboring kingdoms to finance his architectural ambitions. Through a series of trials and catastrophic errors, he elevated the art of pyramid building to a new level. Snefru's son Khufu built on his father's engineering experience to create the biggest and most perfect pyramid ever constructed: the Great Pyramid at Giza. Each of the building's four 700-foot sides was almost perfectly symmetrical, and each corner of the pyramid was level within fractions of an inch. Essentially inventing military architecture, Pharaoh Sesostris III, the great warrior, conquered gold-rich Nubia with the help of a network of 17 vast and sophisticated fortresses stretching hundreds of miles into enemy territory. The rebel pharaoh Akhenaten (father of Tutankhamen) who, based on a religious vision, moved Egypt's capital to a barren patch of desert virtually overnight-requiring his engineers to develop far faster building techniques. Within two years, the bustling city housed 20,000 people. Ramesses II, who fathered more than 100 children, combined engineering and ego on an unprecedented scale to build two temples at Abu Simbel, one for himself and one for his beloved queen, Nefertari. Carved out of the face of a virgin cliff, Ramesses' monument was adorned by 69-foot solid rock statues and a lavishly decorated sanctuary built 200 feet inside the mountain. SUBSCRIBE, COMMENT, LIKE, FAV, SHARE !!!!

wn.com/Egypt Engineering An Empire

The Great Pyramid Of Giza - Bordering Upper/Lower Egypt & Upper/Lower Nervous System

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Duration: 6:14
Updated: 23 Apr 2013
views: 1453

Links & Information: --------------------------- An Overview Of This Channel And Its Purpose http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eV_0hDp_QqM Black Hole Son (An up to date video that explores all in detail across culture) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NKUqqD3Uuk Red Ice Creations Interview: Jan 2013 (First Hour) http://www.redicecreations.com/radio/2013/01/RIR-130129.php Anthropos: The Descent (From the Corpus Hermeticum) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76b-XiZaTx8 The Cosmic Christ (Material from The Zohar and Kabbalah) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEzAC2mtv_A Collective Unconscious Playlist (Playlist of examples of the collective unconscious art) https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmdMThVSH8eYRgU1n5QhqnsTCCp3NDwRc Diagrams Public Link: Hieroglyphics Analysis http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.441448115944263.1073741828.100002372351681&type;=1&l;=61dca099b0 PDF E-Book (Work In Condensed Form Up to Nov 2012): http://www.orioninthevatican.com Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/danny.wilten Diagrams Public Link: Main Folder http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.194657210623356.50481.100002372351681&type;=3&l;=491a6088da (c) 2012-2013 Danny Wilten. All Rights Reserved. Reuse of any of the material provided is strictly forbidden and constitutes a violation of copyright.

wn.com/The Great Pyramid Of Giza Bordering Upper Lower Egypt Upper Lower Nervous System

Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Lower Egypt, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

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Duration: 0:19
Updated: 03 May 2013
views: 813

The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum or Museum of Cairo, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities. It has 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display, the remainder in storerooms. As of April 2015, it is open to the public, albeit with heavy security, x-ray machines, and metal detectors. Men may be subjected to a short but invasive pat-down scan as an additional security measure. The Egyptian Museum of Antiquities contains many important pieces of ancient Egyptian history. It houses the world’s largest collection of Pharaonic antiquities. The Egyptian government established the museum, built in 1835 near the Ezbekeyah Garden and later moved to the Cairo Citadel. In 1855 Archduke Maximilian of Austria was given all of the artifacts by the Egyptian government; these are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. A new museum was established at Boulaq in 1858 in a former warehouse, following the foundation of the new Antiquities Department under the direction of Auguste Mariette. The building lay on the bank of the Nile River, and in 1878 it suffered significant damage in a flood of the Nile River. In 1892, the collections were moved to a former royal palace, in the Giza district of Cairo. They remained there until 1902 when they were moved, for the last time, to the current museum in Tahrir Square. During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the museum was broken into, and two mummies were reportedly destroyed. Several artifacts were also shown to have been damaged. Around 50 objects were lost. Since then 25 objects have been found. Those that were restored were put on display in September 2013 in an exhibition entitled Damaged and Restored. Among the displayed artifacts are two statues of King Tutankhamen made of cedar wood and covered with gold, a statue of King Akhenaton, Ushabtis statues that belonged to the Nubian kings, a mummy of a child and a small plychrome glass vase. There are two main floors in the museum, the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground floor there is an extensive collection of papyrus and coins used in the Ancient world. The numerous pieces of papyrus are generally small fragments, due to their decay over the past two millennia. Several languages are found on these pieces, including Greek, Latin, Arabic, and ancient Egyptian. The coins found on this floor are made of many different metals, including gold, silver, and bronze. The coins are not only Egyptian, but also Greek, Roman, and Islamic. This has helped historians research the history of Ancient Egyptian trade. Also on the ground floor are artifacts from the New Kingdom, the time period between 1550 and 1069 BC. These artifacts are generally larger than items created in earlier centuries. Those items include statues, tables, and coffins (sarcophagi). On the first floor there are artifacts from the final two dynasties of Egypt, including items from the tombs of the Pharaohs Thutmosis III, Thutmosis IV, Amenophis II, Hatshepsut, and the courtier Maiherpri, as well as many artifacts from the Valley of the Kings, in particular the material from the intact tombs of Tutankhamun and Psusennes I. Two special rooms contain a number of mummies of kings and other royal family members of the New Kingdom.

wn.com/Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Lower Egypt, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Cairo, Egypt, Lower Egypt, North Africa, Africa

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Duration: 1:28
Updated: 03 May 2013
views: 322

Cairo is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa. Its metropolitan area is the 16th largest in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in 969 AD. Nicknamed "the city of a thousand minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD, but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt as it is close to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are near the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza. Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr, the Egyptian Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Its official name is القاهرة al-Qāhirah , means literally "the Vanquisher" or "the Conqueror"; Egyptian Arabic, sometimes it is informally also referred to as كايرو Kayro. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab world, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city; the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence. With a population of 6.76 million spread over 453 square kilometers (175 sq mi), Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. With an additional 10 million inhabitants just outside the city, Cairo resides at the centre of the largest metropolitan area in Africa and the Arab World as well as the tenth-largest urban area in the world. Cairo, like many other mega-cities, suffers from high levels of pollution and traffic, but its metro one of only two metros on the African continent (the other the Algiers Metro) ranks among the fifteen busiest in the world, with over 1 billion annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East and 43rd globally by Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index. Cairo's Tahrir Square was the focal point of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution against former president Hosni Mubarak. Over 2 million protesters at Cairo's Tahrir square. More than 50,000 protesters first occupied the square on 25 January, during which the area's wireless services were reported to be impaired. In the following days Tahrir Square continued to be the primary destination for protests in Cairo. as it took place following a popular uprising that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and is still continuing as of February 2012. The uprising was mainly a campaign of non-violent civil resistance, which featured a series of demonstrations, marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labour strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injured. The uprising took place in Cairo, Alexandria, and in other cities in Egypt, following the Tunisian revolution that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president. On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Mubarak resigned from office. Cairo is located in northern Egypt, known as Lower Egypt, 165 kilometres (100 mi) south of the Mediterranean Sea and 120 kilometres (75 mi) west of the Gulf of Suez and Suez Canal. The city is along the Nile River, immediately south of the point where the river leaves its desert-bound valley and branches into the low-lying Nile Delta region. Although the Cairo metropolis extends away from the Nile in all directions, the city of Cairo resides only on the east bank of the river and two islands within it on a total area of 453 square kilometres (175 sq mi). Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level. Over the years, the Nile gradually shifted westward, providing the site between the eastern edge of the river and the Mokattam highlands on which the city now stands.

wn.com/Cairo, Egypt, Lower Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Great Pyramid of Giza, Giza, Cairo, Lower Egypt, North Africa, Africa

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Duration: 0:29
Updated: 04 May 2013
views: 645

The Giza Necropolis is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. This complex of ancient monuments includes the three pyramid complexes known as the Great Pyramids, the massive sculpture known as the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex. It is located some 9 km (5 mi) inland into the desert from the old town of Giza on the Nile, some 25 km (15 mi) southwest of Cairo city centre. The pyramids, which have historically loomed large as emblems of ancient Egypt in the Western imagination, were popularised in Hellenistic times, when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is by far the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. The Pyramids of Giza consist of the Great Pyramid of Giza (known as the Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren) a few hundred meters to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinos) a few hundred meters further south-west. The Great Sphinx lies on the east side of the complex. Current consensus among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of Khafre. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, causeways and valley pyramids. Most construction theories are based on the idea that the pyramids were built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. The disagreements center on the method by which the stones were conveyed and placed and how possible the method was. A recent though unpopular theory proposes that the building blocks were manufactured in-place from a kind of "limestone concrete". In building the pyramids, the architects might have developed their techniques over time. They would select a site on a relatively flat area of bedrock (not sand) which provided a stable foundation. After carefully surveying the site and laying down the first level of stones, they constructed the pyramids in horizontal levels, one on top of the other. For the Great Pyramid of Giza, most of the stone for the interior seems to have been quarried immediately to the south of the construction site. The smooth exterior of the pyramid was made of a fine grade of white limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo. To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces carefully so that the blocks fit together. During construction, the outer surface of the stone was smooth limestone; excess stone has eroded as time has passed. The Pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been constructed to house the remains of the deceased Pharaohs who ruled over Ancient Egypt. A portion of the Pharaoh's spirit called his ka was believed to remain with his corpse. Proper care of the remains was necessary in order for the "former Pharaoh to perform his new duties as king of the dead." It's theorized the pyramid not only served as a tomb for the Pharaoh but also as storage for the various items he would need in the afterlife. "The people of Ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world. The embalmed body of the King was entombed underneath or within the pyramid to protect it and allow his transformation and ascension to the afterlife. The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids were astronomically oriented to the north-south and east-west within a small fraction of a degree. Among recent attempts to explain such a clearly deliberate pattern are those of S. Haack, O. Neugebauer, K. Spence, D. Rawlins, K. Pickering, and J. Belmonte. The arrangement of the pyramids is a disputed representation of the Orion constellation in the Orion Correlation Theory.

wn.com/Great Pyramid Of Giza, Giza, Cairo, Lower Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Cairo Citadel, Cairo, Lower Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Order: Reorder
Duration: 0:26
Updated: 04 May 2013
views: 429

The Saladin Citadel of Cairo is a medieval Islamic fortification in Cairo, Egypt. The location, on Mokattam hill near the center of Cairo, was once famous for its fresh breeze and grand views of the city. It is now a preserved historic site, with mosques and museums. The Citadel was fortified by the Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din (Saladin) between 1176 and 1183 CE, to protect it from the Crusaders. Only a few years after defeating the Fatimid Caliphate, Saladin set out to build a wall that would surround both Cairo and Fustat. Saladin is recorded as saying, "With a wall I will make the two [cities of Cairo and Fustat] into a unique whole, so that one army may defend them both; and I believe it is good to encircle them with a single wall from the bank of the Nile to the bank of the Nile." The Citadel would be the centerpiece of the wall. Built on a promontory beneath the Muqattam Hills, a setting that made it difficult to attack, the efficacy of the Citadel's location is further demonstrated by the fact that it remained the heart of Egyptian government until the 19th century. The citadel stopped being the seat of government when Egypt's ruler, Khedive Ismail, moved to his newly built Abdin Palace in the Ismailiya neighborhood in the 1860s. While the Citadel was completed in 1183-1184, the wall Saladin had envisioned was still under construction in 1238, long after his death. To supply water to the Citadel, Saladin built the 280 feet (85 m) deep[3] Well of Joseph, which can still be seen today. This well is also known as the Well of the Spiral because its entrance consisted of 300 stairs that wound around the inside of the well. Once water was raised from the well to the surface, it traveled to the Citadel on a series of aqueducts. During the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, the Well of Joseph failed to produce enough water for the numerous animals and humans then living in the Citadel. To increase the volume of water, Nasir built a well system that consisted of a number of water wheels on the Nile, the water from which was then transported to the wall and subsequently to the Citadel, via the aqueducts Saladin had constructed. The improvements to the Citadel's water supply were not Nasir's only additions to the Citadel, which was subject to a number of different additions during the Mamluk period. Nasir's most notable contribution was the Mosque of Nasir. In 1318 Nasir rebuilt the Ayyubid structure, turning it into a mosque in his name. The structure underwent further additions in 1335. Other contributions to the Citadel during Nasir's reign include the structure's southern enclosure (the northern enclosure was completed by Saladin) and the residential area, which included space for the harem and the courtyard. Prior to Nasir's work on the Citadel, the Baybars constructed the Hall of Justice and the "House of Gold." The Citadel is sometimes referred to as Mohamed Ali Citadel, because it contains the Mosque of Muhammad Ali of (or Mohamed Ali Pasha), which was built between 1828 and 1848, perched on the summit of the citadel. This Ottoman mosque was built in memory of Tusun Pasha, Muhammad Ali's second son who died in 1816. However, it also represents Muhammad Ali's efforts to erase symbols of the Mamluk dynasty that he replaced. When Ottoman ruler Muhammad Ali Pasha took control from the Mamluks in 1805 he altered many of the additions to the Citadel that reflected Cairo's previous leaders. One obvious change that Muhammad Ali enacted pertained to the uses of the Citadel's northern and southern enclosures. During the Mamluk period the southern enclosure was the residential area, but Muhammad Ali claimed the northern enclosure as the royal residence when he took power. He then opened the southern enclosure to the public and effectively established his position as the new leader. The mosque is the other feature of the Citadel that reflects the reign of Muhammad Ali. This feature, with its large dome and overtly Ottoman influenced architecture, looms over the Citadel to this day. Recently destroyed Mamluk palaces within the Citadel provided space for the formidable mosque, which was the largest structure to be established in the early 19th century. Placing the mosque where the Mamluks had once reigned was an obvious effort to erase the memory of the older rulers and establish the importance of the new leader. The mosque also replaced the mosque of al-Nasir as the official state mosque. There are two other mosques at the Citadel, the 14th-century hypostyle Al-Nasir Muhammad Qala'un Mosque[6] from the early Bahri Mamluk period, and the 16th-century Mosque of Suleyman Pasha, first of the Citadel's Ottoman-style mosques.

wn.com/Cairo Citadel, Cairo, Lower Egypt, North Africa, Africa

King Fuad In Upper And Lower Egypt Aka King Ahmed Fouad I In Upper And Lower (1934)

Order: Reorder
Duration: 1:29
Updated: 13 Apr 2014
views: 973

Unused / unissued material - no paperwork - dates unclear or unknown Egypt. King Fuad stands on podium. He and his party climb into a carriage. Quick shot at docks. King Fuad arrives with military officers at docks. King, being pushed on chair, comes out of mine entrance. He is wheeled around quarry site. He gets up and walks to his car. N.B. Is King Ahmed Fouad I King Fuad? 90,000 historic films, all SEARCHABLE on YouTube at: http://www.youtube.com/britishpathe Join us on Facebook at: http://www.facebook.com/britishpathe Tweet us @britishpathe FILM ID:554.23

wn.com/King Fuad In Upper And Lower Egypt Aka King Ahmed Fouad I In Upper And Lower (1934)