86-DOS

File:86dos.png A sample 86-DOS session (simulated).
Company / developer	Seattle Computer Products / Tim Paterson
Programmed in	8086-Assembly language
OS family	DOS
Working state	Historic
Source model	Closed source
Initial release	1980
Latest stable release	86-DOS v1.14 / July 1981
Marketing target	?
Available language(s)	English
Available programming languages(s)	8086-Assembly language
Package manager	N/A
Supported platforms	x86
Kernel type	Monolithic kernel
Default user interface	Command line interface
License	Proprietary

86-DOS was an operating system developed and marketed by Seattle Computer Products for its Intel 8086-based computer kit. Initially known as QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) the name was changed to 86-DOS once SCP started licensing the operating system.

86-DOS had a command structure and application programming interface that imitated that of Digital Research's (abbreviated DR or DRI) CP/M operating system, which made it easy to port programs from the latter. The system was purchased by Microsoft and developed further as PC-DOS and MS-DOS.

Origins[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

86-DOS was created because sales of the Seattle Computer Products (SCP) 8086 computer kit, demonstrated in June 1979 and shipped in November, were languishing due to the absence of an operating system. The only software which SCP could sell with the board was the stand-alone Microsoft BASIC-86, which Microsoft had developed on a prototype of SCP's hardware. SCP wanted to offer the 8086 version of CP/M that Digital Research had announced, but its release date was uncertain. This was not the first time Digital Research had lagged behind hardware developments; two years earlier it had been slow to adapt CP/M for new floppy disk formats and hard disks. In April 1980 SCP assigned 24-year-old Tim Paterson to develop a substitute for CP/M-86.

Paterson designed 86-DOS with an API that was compatible with legacy CP/M programs. At the same time he made a number of changes and enhancements to address what he saw as CP/M's shortcomings. CP/M cached file system information in memory for speed, but this required a user to force an update to a disk before removing it; if the user forgot, the disk would be corrupt. Paterson took the safer but slower approach of updating the disk with each operation. CP/M's PIP command, which copied files, supported several special file names that referred to hardware devices such as printers and communication ports. Paterson built these names into the operating system as device files so that any program could use them. He gave his copying program the more intuitive name COPY. Rather than implementing CP/M's file system, he used BASIC-86's FAT filesystem to maintain compatibility with systems that SCP had already shipped.

IBM interest[link]

In October 1980, IBM was developing what would become the original IBM Personal Computer. CP/M was by far the most popular operating system in use at the time, and IBM felt it needed CP/M in order to compete. IBM's representatives visited Digital Research and discussed licensing with Digital Research's licensing representative, Dorothy McEwen Kildall, who hesitated to sign IBM's non-disclosure agreement. Although the NDA was later accepted, Digital Research would not accept IBM's proposal of $250,000 in exchange for as many copies as IBM could sell, insisting on the usual royalty-based plan.^[1] In later discussions between IBM and Bill Gates, Gates mentioned the existence of 86-DOS and IBM representative Jack Sams told him to get a license for it.^{[citation needed]}

Creation of PC-DOS[link]

Microsoft purchased a nonexclusive license for 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products in December 1980 for $25,000. In May 1981, it hired Tim Paterson to port the system to the IBM-PC, which used the slower and less expensive Intel 8088 processor and had its own specific family of peripherals. IBM watched the developments daily, submitted over 300 change requests before it accepted the product and wrote the user manual for it.

In July 1981, a month before the PC's release, Microsoft purchased all rights to 86-DOS from SCP for $50,000. It met IBM's main criteria: it looked like CP/M, and it was easy to adapt existing 8-bit CP/M programs to run under it, notably thanks to the TRANS command which would translate source files from 8080 to 8086 machine instructions. Microsoft licensed 86-DOS to IBM, and it became PC-DOS 1.0. This license also permitted Microsoft to sell DOS to other companies, which it did. The deal was spectacularly successful, and SCP later claimed in court that Microsoft had concealed its relationship with IBM in order to purchase the operating system cheaply. SCP ultimately received a 1 million dollar settlement payment.

Intellectual property dispute[link]

When Digital Research founder Gary Kildall examined PC-DOS and found that it duplicated CP/M's programming interface, he wanted to sue IBM, which at the time claimed that PC-DOS was its own product. However, Digital Research's attorney did not believe that the relevant law was clear enough to sue. Nonetheless, Kildall confronted IBM and persuaded them to offer CP/M-86 with the PC in exchange for a release of liability.

Controversy has continued to surround the similarity between the two systems. Perhaps the most sensational claim comes from Jerry Pournelle, who claims that Kildall personally demonstrated to him that DOS contained CP/M code by entering a command in DOS that displayed Kildall's name;^[2] as of 2006 Pournelle has not revealed the command and nobody has come forward to corroborate his story. A 2004 book about Kildall says that he used such an encrypted message to demonstrate that other manufacturers had copied CP/M, but does not say that he found the message in DOS;^[3] instead Kildall's memoir (a source for the book) pointed to the well-known interface similarity. Paterson insists that the 86-DOS software was his original work, and has denied referring to or otherwise using CP/M code while writing it.^[4] After the 2004 book appeared, he sued the authors and publishers for defamation.^[5] The court ruled in summary judgement that no defamation had occurred, as the book's claims were opinions based on research or were not provably false.^[6]

EDLIN[link]

By 1982, when IBM asked Microsoft to release a version of DOS that was compatible with a hard disk, PC-DOS 2.0 was an almost complete rewrite of DOS, so by March 1983, very little of QDOS remained. The most enduring element of 86-DOS was its primitive line editor, EDLIN, which remained the only editor supplied with Microsoft versions of DOS until the June 1991 release of MS-DOS 5.0, which included a TUI-based editor, MS-DOS Editor based on QBasic. EDLIN can still be used on contemporary machines, since it is bundled with the emulated DOS environment up to Windows 7.

Versions[link]

Quotes[link]

"We needed an operating system at Seattle Computer for our own computers and I wanted to do one. So we decided to go for it. I was waiting for Digital [Research] to come out with CP/M-86. I thought they would have it real soon. If they had beat me I wouldn't have taken the trouble. I had always wanted to write my own operating system. I've always hated CP/M and thought I could do it a lot better."

— Tim Paterson ^[7]

"IBM wanted CP/M prompts. It made me throw up."

— Tim Paterson ^[7]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Tim Paterson's brief history of QDOS/86-DOS (1979–1983)
• 86-DOS documentation from Paterson Technology
• Run 86-DOS 1.0 in the SIMH simulator

Look up DOS or dos in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

DOS is a family of operating systems for IBM PC-compatible computers.

DOS may also refer to:

Computing[link]

• Disk operating system, software in most computers that allows for management of the storage devices
  • List of DOS operating systems, multiple OSes for both IBM and other systems
• Distributed operating system
• Distributed object system
• Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow, a 2005 video game for the Nintendo DS
• Data over signalling, a telecommunications method for multiplexing data onto a signalling channel, instead of a bearer channel
• Denial-of-service attack, a form of attack on a computer system or network, commonly abbreviated as DoS or DDoS for distributed attacks
• Delete on sight, a status given to a user who has been banned from a website and is not allowed to make another account; one step before an IP ban
• Dawn of Souls from Final Fantasy, a 2004 remake of two first games of the Final Fantasy series on Gameboy Advance

Music[link]

• Dos (band), an American band
• Dos (Altered State album), the second studio album from the progressive rock band Altered State
• Dos (Dos album), the first album recorded by the band Dos
• Dos (Myriam Hernández album), the title of the second studio album released by Chilean singer Myriam Hernández in 1990
• Dos (Fanny Lú album), the title of the second album by Colombian Pop and Vallenato singer, Fanny Lú
• Dos (Gerardo album), the second album of Latin rap artist Gerardo
• Dos Historias, a 2006 greatest hits album featuring the music of American Tejano singers Selena and Ana Bárbara
• ¡Dos! (Green Day Album), An upcoming 2012 album by Green Day

Organisations[link]

• Democratic Opposition of Serbia, a former multi-party political alliance in Serbia
• Directorate of Overseas Surveys, the United Kingdom's central survey and mapping organisation for British colonies and protectorates 1957–1984
• Department of State, the Cabinet-level agency in charge of the foreign affairs of the United States

Science[link]

• Density of states, a property in condensed matter physics
• Diversity oriented synthesis, a strategy to improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis
• DOS (Russian-language acronym, variously translated as Long-Duration/Durable/Permanent Orbital Station), a designation for a series of Russian manned space stations, such as the Salyut program
• DOS Dioctyl Sebacate Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): C_{26} H_{50} O_4

, a low temperature resistant plasticizor

Sports[link]

• DOS Kampen, a Dutch association football club
• VV DOS, a past Dutch association football club now part of FC Utrecht

Places[link]

• Dongdaemun-gu Office Station, rail station in Seoul, South Korea
• Dos Torres, a city located in the province of Córdoba, Spain
• Dos Hermanas, a Spanish city 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Seville in Andalusia
• Dos Pilas, Mayan archaeological site in Guatemala
• Dos, a village in Vidra Commune, Alba County, Romania

Other uses[link]

• Day of Silence, the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network's (GLSEN) annual day of action to protest the bullying and harassment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students and their supporters
• Canal Nou Dos, the second channel launched by Ràdio Televisió Valenciana on 9 October 1997
• Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund, founded on 20 May 2006 by a merger of the Deutscher Sportbund (DSB), and the Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland (NOK) which dates back to 1895, the year it was founded and recognized as NOC by the IOC
• Dos, the Spanish word for two

See also[link]

• Doss (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Hugo Alberto Morales (born 30 July 1974 Buenos Aires) is an Argentine retired footballer who played as a midfielder.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Argentine League statistics (Spanish)
• BDFutbol profile
• Hugo Morales at National-Football-Teams.com
• Hugo Morales – FIFA competition record

v t e Argentina squad – 1996 Summer Olympics Silver Medalists 1 Cavallero 2 Ayala 3 Chamot 4 Zanetti 5 Almeyda 6 Sensini 7 C. López 8 Simeone (c) 9 Crespo 10 Ortega 11 Delgado 12 Morales 13 Bossio 14 Paz 15 Bassedas 16 Pineda 17 G. López 18 Gallardo Coach: Passarella

This biographical article related to an Argentine association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article about an Argentine Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Dos Caras
Dos Caras (left) facing off against Dr. Wagner, Jr. (right) as Mil Mascaras and El Canek look on.
Ring name(s)	Dos Caras
Billed height	1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)[1]
Billed weight	96 kg (210 lb)[1]
Born	(1951-02-21) February 21, 1951 (age 61)[1] San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico[1]
Billed from	San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico[1]
Trained by	Rafael Salamanca Gory Medina
Debut	01970-01-06January 6, 1970[1]

José Luis Rodríguez (born February 21, 1951) is a Mexican Luchador Enmascarado (masked professional wrestler) who wrestles under the ring name Dos Caras (Spanish for Two faces). Dos Caras' most active years were in the 1970s and 80s, and achieved his greatest success in Mexico's Universal Wrestling Alliance (UWA) winning the UWA World Heavyweight Championship three times. He has been called "the greatest heavyweight ever to come out of Mexico".^[2]

Professional wrestling career[link]

Rodríguez made his debut on January 6, 1970 at the age of 18 after training under Rafael Salamanca and Gory Medina.^[1] He adopted the ring name Dos Caras upon his debut, wearing a colorful mask with a figure of a two headed eagle on it to reflect his name.^[1] Rodríguez later stated that the name and mask was not inspired by the Two-Face comic book character but as a "two faced cheater" character (called a Rudo or Heel in pro wrestling).^[1] Through connections with his older brother who had been wrestling as Mil Mascaras for some years when Dos Caras made his debut he quickly landed a regular job with the professional wrestling promotion Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre (EMLL), the world's oldest and Mexico's largest promotion. In the early years he often teamed with another brother who wrestles under the name Sicodélico in low card matches while gaining experience.

In 1975 wrestling promoters Francisco Flores and Benjamín Mora and wrestler/trainer Ray Mendoza decided to break away from EMLL's very rigid structure where young wrestlers "paid their dues" for many years before being given an opportunity and founded their own wrestling promotion, the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA), as a direct competition to EMLL.^[3] Dos Caras was one of the young EMLL wrestlers who decided to follow Flores to the UWA, gaining the opportunity to work high up on the card. Dos Caras worked his way up the ranks and on June 20, 1978 he defeated El Canek to win the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship, his first championship ever. Over the following 292 days Dos Caras defended the title several times, using it as a springboard up the rankings of the UWA. On April 8, 1979 Caras lost the belt to Astro Rey.^[4]

Over the following years Dos Caras developed both physically and style wise into a heavyweight wrestler, blending the Lucha libre style of wrestling with a more mat-based, United States style wrestling style. Years later author James Molinaro cites Caras' blend of several wrestling styles as one of the reasons he called him "the greatest heavyweight ever to come out of Mexico"^[2] On February 2, 1984 Dos Caras won the highest title in the UWA as he won the UWA World Heavyweight Championship by defeating Enrique Vera in a tournament for the vacant title.^[5] Dos Caras' first run as the headliner of the UWA lasted for 119 days, until June 24, 1984 when he lost the belt to Canek.^[5] In the mid -1980s tension between EMLL and the UWA subsided and the two groups cooperated on a series of shows. This cooperation meant that Dos Caras worked EMLL shows for the first time in 10 years, teaming with Villaño III and Villaño V to win the Mexican National Trios Championship from Los Brazos (El Brazo, Brazo de Oro and Brazo de Plata).^[6] The title run only lasted 26 days as EMLL decided to take the belts off the UWA trio and have Los Brazos win them back on March 23, 1986.^[6] the EMLL/UWA cooperation ended not long after and Dos Caras once again focused on the UWA, defeating El Canek to win his second UWA World title, a title he would hold until some time in 1987 where El Canek won the title back.^[5]

In the late 1980s Dos Caras began wrestling for the Mexico based World Wrestling Association (WWA) where he won the WWA World Heavyweight Championship in 1989. He would hold the title for approximately a year until losing the belt to Scorpio, Jr. on September 19, 1990.^[5] in 1992 Dos Caras became a three time UWA World Champion when he defeated El Canek. Caras' third and final UWA title reign came to an end after 154 days when El Canek regained the title in Naucalpan, Mexico.^[5] In 1994 the UWA closed, leaving Dos Caras free to work for other promotions, allowing him to work for EMLL (now renamed "Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre"; CMLL) as well as various independent promotions. On MArch 22, 1996 Dos Caras teamed with Héctor Garza and La Fiera to win the CMLL World Trios Championship from Bestia Salvaje, Emilio Charles, Jr. and Sangre Chicana.^[7] The team held the title until early 1997 when Garza left CMLL and the title was vacated.^[7]

In the subsequent years Dos Caras worked regularly for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), being instrumental in the professional wrestling debut of his son Dos Caras, Jr. in AAA.^[8] He would also work for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) although he never won any championships in either promotion. Currently Dos Caras still wrestles, although on a reduced schedule, he mainly works for independent promotions, especially the UWE Legends shows. He has been vocal about not wanting to work for one of the "big two" promotions in Mexico (CMLL and AAA) as he did not feel either promotion treated a wrestler with his history and status with enough respect.^[9]

On October 7, 2010, Dos Caras made a special appearance at a WWE SmackDown live event in Mexico, where he was in his son—Alberto Del Rio's corner in his match against Kofi Kingston.

Personal life[link]

Rodríguez is the father of Luchador Dos Caras, Jr. (currently known as Alberto Del Rio in the WWE), and the brother of luchadors Mil Mascaras and Sicodélico. He has two nephews who wrestle as well, using the names Sicodelico, Jr. and El Hijo del Sicodelico.

In films[link]

In 2007 he appeared alongside his brother in the film Mil Mascaras vs. the Aztec Mummy (also known as Mil Mascaras: Resurrection).^[10][11][12]

In wrestling[link]

• Finishing moves

• Dos Caras Clutch (Hammerlock head scissors pinning combination) – innovated
• Sitout powerbomb

• Signature moves

• Flying cross chop
• Diving crossbody
• La Escalera (Grounded octopus hold)
• Pescado
• Quebradora con giro (Tilt-a-whirl backbreaker)
• Topé suicida
• Wrist lock Stump puller

Championships and accomplishments[link]

• Empressa Mexicana de Lucha Libre / Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

• CMLL World Trios Championship (1 time) - with Héctor Garza and La Fiera^[7]
• Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) - with Villaño III and Villaño V^{[Note 1][6]}

• Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • PWI ranked him #102 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003^[13]

• Universal Wrestling Association

• Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^{[Note 1][4]}
• UWA World Heavyweight Championship (3 times)^[5]

• World Wrestling Association

• WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[14]

• Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

• Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1998)

Lucha de Apuesta record[link]

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

Village People
from left: Randy Jones, Glenn Hughes, Felipe Rose, Victor Willis, David "Scar" Hodo, Alex Briley in 1978
Background information
Origin	New York City, United States
Genres	Disco
Years active	1977 – Present
Labels	Casablanca Records Black Scorpio RCA Polygram
Website	www.OfficialVillagePeople.com
Members
Felipe Rose Alex Briley David "Scar" Hodo G. Jeff Olson Eric Anzalone Ray Simpson
Past members
Victor Willis Randy Jones Glenn Hughes Ray Stephens Mark Lee Miles Jaye

Village People is a concept disco group that formed in the United States in 1977, well known for their on-stage costumes depicting American cultural stereotypes, as well as their catchy tunes and suggestive lyrics.

Originally created to target disco's gay audience by featuring popular gay fantasy personas,^[1] the band's popularity quickly brought them into the mainstream. Village People scored a number of disco and dance hits, including their trademark "Macho Man", "Go West", the classic club medley of "San Francisco (You've Got Me) / In Hollywood (Everybody is a Star)", "In the Navy", "Can't Stop the Music", and their biggest hit, "Y.M.C.A.".

They have sold upwards of 100 million records world-wide.^[2]

History[link]

1977–1979[link]

The group was the creation of Jacques Morali, a French musical composer. He had written a few dance tunes when he was given a demo tape recorded by singer/actor Victor Willis. Morali approached Willis and told him, "I had a dream that you sang lead on my album and it went very, very big". Willis agreed to sing on the first album, Village People.^[3]

It was a success, and demand for live appearances soon followed. Morali and his business partner, Henri Belolo (under the collaboration Can't Stop Productions) hastily built a group of dancers around Willis to perform in clubs and on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. As Village People's popularity grew, Morali, Belolo and Willis saw the need for a permanent "group." They took out an ad in a music trade magazine which read: "Macho Types Wanted: Must Dance And Have A Moustache."^[3]

Morali met the first recruit, Felipe Rose (Native American), on the streets of Greenwich Village. Rose was a bartender who wore jingle bells on his boots. He was invited to take part in the sessions for the first album. Alex Briley (who started as an athlete, but eventually took on the soldier persona) was Willis' friend. The others, Mark Mussler (construction worker), Dave Forrest (cowboy), Lee Mouton (leatherman) and Peter Whitehead (one of the group's early songwriters) appeared on American Bandstand and in the video for the group's first hit, "San Francisco (You Got Me)". They were later replaced by David Hodo, Randy Jones and Glenn Hughes, who all had more experience as actors/singers/dancers. Hughes had first been spotted as a toll collector at the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel.^[3]

Because Morali could not speak English, songwriters Phil Hurtt and Peter Whitehead were brought in to write the lyrics for the first album. However, Willis wrote the lyrics to the group's biggest hits, including "Y.M.C.A.", "Macho Man," "Go West" and "In the Navy," and for other Can't Stop Productions acts such as Ritchie Family and Patrick Juvet.^[4] Likewise, Gypsy Lane (the Village People band) and their conductor, Horace Ott, provided much of the musical arrangements for Morali, who did not play any instruments.^[5]

The band's name refers to New York City's Greenwich Village, at the time known for its large gay population.^[6] Morali and Belolo decided to create a group of stereotypes based on the gay men of Greenwich Village, who often dressed in fantasy attire.

"Macho Man" brought them mainstream attention, and their 1978 recording "Y.M.C.A." became one of the most popular hits of the 1970s.

In 1979, the United States Navy decided to use "In the Navy" in a television and radio recruiting campaign. Belolo offered them the rights for free if the Navy would help them film the music video. The Navy provided them access to the San Diego Navy base, where the USS Reasoner (FF-1063), several aircraft, and the crew of the ship would be used. The Navy canceled the campaign after a short time.^[7]

The group's fame peaked in 1979, when Village People made several appearances on The Merv Griffin Show and traveled with Bob Hope to entertain U.S. troops. They were also featured on the cover of Rolling Stone, Vol. 289, April 19, 1979. Willis left the group at the end of an international tour in 1979, and a decline in popularity followed.

1980–1985[link]

Ray Simpson, brother of Valerie Simpson (of Ashford & Simpson), replaced Willis for the group's highly anticipated 1980 feature film Can't Stop the Music, directed by Nancy Walker, written by Allan Carr and Bronte Woodard, music and lyrics by Jacques Morali (although Willis penned the lyrics to Milkshake and Magic Night) and starring Steve Guttenberg, Valerie Perrine, Jean-Claude Billmaer, Bruce Jenner, and Village People. By the time it was released, however, disco had waned and the movie won the Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay prizes at the 1980 Golden Raspberry Awards in March 1981 and was nominated in almost all the other categories. Despite that, the song Can't Stop the Music became a Club Play chart hit and moderate radio hit. However, it too (Can't Stop the Music, the song) was nominated for Worst Original Song by the 1981 Razzies, and flopped by Village People standard in that it never obtained gold status as a single or album.^[8] The soundtrack also featured the talents of "David London", who under his real name Dennis "Fergie" Frederiksen went on to become the future lead singer of Toto and one of the main contributors to the Village People's next album. The movie itself has since become a cult favorite, developing a worldwide fan base.

The group was one of the featured guests on a November 22, 1980 episode of Love Boat, (7th episode of season 4), entitled "Secretary to the Stars/Julie's Decision/The Horse Lover/Gopher and Isaac Buy a Horse". At the end of 1980, cowboy Randy Jones left the group and was replaced by Jeff Olson.

In 1981, with the popularity of disco having faded and New Wave music on the rise, Village People replaced its on-stage costumes with a new look inspired by the New Romantic movement, and released the New Wave album Renaissance. It only attracted minor, mostly negative attention and produced no hits.

Victor Willis returned to the group briefly in late 1981 for the album Fox on the Box, which was released in 1982 only in Europe but did have limited release in the United States in 1983 under the title In the Street. Miles Jaye had briefly taken over for Ray Simpson as lead singer by 1983 and contributed an extra track to In the Street. Mark Lee replaced David Hodo in 1982.

Their last album containing new material, the 1985 dance/Hi-NRG release Sex Over the Phone, was not a huge commercial success, but it fared better in sales and club play than their Renaissance album. The title track, when released as a single, was banned by the BBC because of its content - credit card dirty phone calls.^[9] In recent years, "Sex Over the Phone" has become a cult classic. Recently, an Associated Press declared "Sex Over the Phone" to be the "'Citizen Kane' of music videos." The Sex album featured yet another new lead singer, Ray Stephens (of The Great Space Coaster fame). Py Douglas came in to sub for Stephens for some of the group's live appearances in 1985.

In 1985, the group took a hiatus but reunited in 1987 with the line-up of Randy Jones, David Hodo, Felipe Rose, Glenn Hughes, Alex Briley and Ray Simpson.

Since 1988 the group has managed itself under the name Sixuvus Ltd. ^[10]

1990s to present[link]

Village People receive their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame September 12, 2008. L to R (front row: David Hodo, Felipe Rose, Jeff Olson / back row: Ray Simpson, Alex Briley, Eric Anzalone.

• November 15, 1991: Village People founder Jacques Morali dies from AIDS in Paris, France.
• 1993: the group makes a guest appearance on the hit show Married With Children in the episode "Take My Wife, Please".
• 1994: Village People join the German national football team to sing its official World Cup '94 theme Far Away in America.
• 1994: Cowboy Randy Jones sings Greg Brady's part on a punk cover of The Brady Bunch classic Time to Change.
• 1995: Eric Anzalone replaces Glenn Hughes as the Leatherman/Biker.
• 1996: Village People appears with Kelsey Grammer, Rob Schneider, and other cast members during the end-credits sequence of the film Down Periscope.
• 2000: The group releases new material under the name Amazing Veepers.
• 2001: Felipe Rose appears as himself on the game show To Tell the Truth.
• March 4, 2001: original member Glenn Hughes (Leatherman) dies from lung cancer in New York City.^[11]
• 2004: Village People perform as the opening act for Cher on her Farewell Tour until it ends in April 2005. It was a highly successful tour for both artists.
• May 7, 2004: Original Cowboy Randy Jones marries Will Grega, his boyfriend of 20 years.^[12]
• Summer 2004: Village People perform at Lincoln Center Out Of Doors.
• September 4, 2006: Village People perform on Jerry Lewis' MDA Telethon.
• August 31, 2007: Victor Willis gives his first live concert in 28 years in Las Vegas.
• October 23, 2007: Village People perform on the NBC game show The Singing Bee.
• November 17, 2007: Victor Willis weds long-time love, Karen, a lawyer and executive.
• July 15, 2008: At the Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Yankee Stadium, Village People perform "Y.M.C.A." with the Yankees grounds crew during the 7th inning stretch.
• September 12, 2008: Village People receive star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
• September 3, 2010: Village People perform at the American Music Festival in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
• May 8, 2012, Victor Willis won a landmark ruling in the first case regarding the 1976 Copyright Act which allows recording artists and writers to reclaim their master recordings and publishing rights initially granted to record companies and publishers after 35 years.^[13]

Cultural references[link]

Star Wars characters, a Jawa, Greedo, Chewbacca and an Imperial Stormtrooper, take on the iconic roles of the Village People and lead the crowd in the "Y.M.C.A." dance at a Disney weekend event in 2007.

Due to their easily recognizable characters, the group have frequently been imitated or parodied in films, television series, video games and music. Numerous covers and homages of their songs have been recorded. The stereotypical masculine characters, particularly the leather-clad biker character with a horseshoe moustache, have also become a widespread pop culture icons associated with male gay culture and YMCA has become something of an anthem of the LGBT community.

The song "In the Navy" was featured in an episode of The Muppet Show and The Simpsons.

In the film Wayne's World 2, Wayne and his friends disguise themselves in order to spy on Wayne's girlfriend; Wayne dresses as a construction worker, Garth as a cop, Neil as a leather-clad biker and Terry as a sailor. They are then chased and end up on the stage of a men's club where their coincidental resemblance to the Village People becomes apparent to the DJ, who immediately puts on YMCA.

A 1993 episode of Married with Children had Peg disguising herself as the Indian, along with Kelly as the sailor, Bud as the construction worker and Jefferson as the biker in order to appease angry Halloween party guests of Marcy's, and a joke being they could only lip synch to one song, YMCA, as that was the sole Village People album Marcy owned. When the real Village People appear at the party, they start their concert with YMCA, causing the enraged women who were sick of the song to pelt them with toilet paper.

In 1995, a parody of the Village People was seen on the CGI show ReBoot with the group the Small Town Binomes singing "BSnP", a parody of YMCA They were seen in the ReBoot episode "Talent Night" and each individual was modeled after a singer from the Village People using the show's common Binome characters. Their song "BSnP" was a jab at ABC network's Broadcast Standards and Practices organization, which frequently edited content from the show which they deemed not suitable for its younger viewers (lyrics included "Oh, it's fun to play in a non-violent way").

Discography[link]

Main albums[link]

Compilations and other albums[link]

• Live: Seoul Song Festival (1984)
• Greatest Hits (1988)
• Greatest Hits '89 Remixes (1989)
• The Best of Village People (1994)
• The Very Best Of (1998)
• 20th Century Masters, The Millennium Collection ... The Best of Village People (2001)

Singles[link]

Lineup[link]

Temporary "People"[link]

• Peter Whitehead, who co-wrote the songs on the group's first record, briefly performed with the group in 1977.
• Py Douglas briefly replaced Ray Stephens in some television appearances during the group's 1985 European tour.
• Alec Timerman stood in for Alex Briley on occasion between 2001 and 2003.
• Bill Whitefield replaced David Hodo at some concerts in 2002 and 2003 and 2012.
• Richard Montoya also replaced Hodo on some 2008 dates.
• Angel Morales occasionally filled in for Felipe Rose between 2008 and 2009.

See also[link]

• List of number-one dance hits (United States)
• List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
• List of artists who reached number one in Ireland

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Village People

• Official website of the Village People
• Village People at Rolling Stone