- published: 11 Feb 2013
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Pākehā is a Māori language word for New Zealanders who are "of European descent". They are mostly descended from British and to a lesser extent Irish settlers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, although some Pākehā have Dutch, Scandinavian, German, Yugoslav or other ancestry. Although both "Māori" and "Pākehā" terms are based on predominant ancestry, from 1916 a race or cultural self-identification tool has been used by the New Zealand government in statistical definitions, which has caused some confusion. The word Pākehā is also sometimes used to refer to any person of predominantly European ancestry, including those that are not New Zealanders. Papa'a has a similar meaning in Cook Islands Māori.
The origins of the term are unclear, but it was in use by the late 18th century. In the Māori language, plural nouns of Pākehā may include Ngā Pākehā (definite article) and He Pākehā (indefinite article). When the word was first adopted, the usual plural in English was Pakehas. However New Zealand English speakers are increasingly removing the terminal s and treating Pākehā as a collective noun. Opinions of the term vary amongst those it describes. Some find it highly offensive, others are indifferent, some find it inaccurate and archaic, while some happily use the term and find the main alternatives such as New Zealand European inappropriate.[citation needed]