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Namibia is a country in southern
Africa whose western border is the
Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with
Angola and
Zambia to the north,
Botswana to the east and
South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border with
Zimbabwe, less than
200 metres of riverbed (essentially the Zambia/Botswana border) separates them at their closest points. It gained independence from South Africa on 21
March 1990, following the
Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is
Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the
United Nations (UN), the
Southern African Development Community (
SADC), the
African Union (AU), and the
Commonwealth of Nations.
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San,
Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the
14th century AD by immigrating
Bantu who came with the
Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a
German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a
German colony until the end of
World War I. In
1920, the
League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of
Walvis Bay and the offshore
Penguin Islands had been annexed by the
Cape Colony under the
British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new
Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.
Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognised the
South West Africa People's
Organisation (
SWAPO) as the official representative of the
Namibian people in
1973. Namibia, however, remained under
South African administration during this time as
South-West Africa.
Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in
1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in
1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, which remained under South African control until
1994.
Namibia has a population of
2.1 million people and a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy. Agriculture, herding, tourism and the mining industry -- including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver, and base metals -- form the backbone of Namibia's economy. Given the presence of the arid
Namib Desert, it is one of the least densely populated countries in the world. Namibia enjoys high political, economic and social stability.
History of Namibia
The name of the country is derived from the Namib Desert, considered to be the oldest desert in the world.[5] Before its independence in 1990, the area was known first as
German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika), then as South-West Africa, reflecting the colonial occupation by the
Germans and the
South Africans (technically on behalf of the British crown reflecting
South Africa's dominion status within the
British Empire).
Pre-colonial period
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara,
Nama, and since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late
18th century onwards,
Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the
Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia.[6] Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Orlams were well received by them,[7] the right to use waterholes and grazing was granted against an annual payment.[8] On their way further northwards, however, the Orlams encountered clans of the Herero tribe at Windhoek,
Gobabis, and
Okahandja which were less accommodating. The Nama-Herero War broke out in
1880, with hostilities ebbing only when
Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.
The first
Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the
Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and
Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the
Portuguese crown. However, like most of
Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the
19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from
Germany and
Sweden. In the late 19th century
Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the
Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey, even more returned to South-West African territory after the
Portuguese tried to convert them to
Catholicism and forbade their language at schools.
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- published: 16 Mar 2014
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