A patent caveat, often shortened to caveat, was a legal document filed with the United States Patent Office.^[1] Caveats were instituted by the U.S. Patent Act of 1836, but were discontinued in 1909, with the U.S. Congress abolishing the system formally in 1910.^[2] A caveat was similar to a patent application with a description of an invention and drawings, but without examination for patentable subject matter and without a requirement for patent claims. A patent caveat was an official notice of intention to file a patent application at a later date. A caveat expired after one year, but could be renewed by paying an annual fee of $10.^[2][3]

Caveats were similar to provisional applications used today in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) which also expire after one year. However, provisional applications are not now renewable under any circumstances.

According to the Guide to the Practice of the Patent Office 1853,^[4] the primary objective of a caveat was to prevent the issuing of a rival patent for the same invention to a subsequent inventor. Before the issuing of a patent, the caveats filed within the preceding year were searched. If one was found for the same invention as the proposed patent, the Patent Office notified the holder of the caveat, who then had three months to submit a formal patent application with claims. If the two patent applications claimed the same invention, an interference would then be declared and neither patent could be issued until it was determined which was the first to invent.^[2]

Perhaps the most famous example of such a conflict was on 14 February 1876, when Elisha Gray filed a patent caveat and Alexander Graham Bell filed a patent application on the same day, both relating to the telephone. Gray ended up abandoning his patent caveat.

The filing fee of $10 for a caveat was less costly than the filing fee $15 for a full patent application.^[3] As stated by the USPTO: "In 1861, the fee for obtaining a full patent was $35, of which $15 was to be paid at the time of application and $20 when the patent was granted. In 1922, the patent filing fee increased from $15 to $20." However the patent caveat fee remained $10 per year until the caveat system was abolished.^[3]

See also[link]

• Patent model
• Patent Office 1836 fire
• Patent Office 1877 fire
• United States Defensive Publication
• United States Statutory Invention Registration

References[link]

Citations

1. ^ Patent Act of 1836
2. ^ ^{a b c} Thomas Edison Papers: American Patent System, Rutgers University, March 31, 2010.
3. ^ ^{a b c} U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. "The Story of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office". Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. Washington:IA-SuDocs, Rev. August 1988. iv, 50p. MC 89-8590. OCLC 19213162. SL 89-95-P. S/N 003-004-00640-4. $1.75. C 21.2:P 27/3/988 | Note: the 1861 filing fees are listed on Pg. 11, and the 1922 filing fees are listed on Pg. 22.
4. ^ Evenson, A.E. The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876, p.66.

Bibliography

• Patent Act of 1836, SEC. 12

External links[link]

• Elisha Gray's telephone caveat drawing

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Look up caveat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Caveat may refer to

Latin phrases:

• Caveat lector ("let the reader beware")
• Caveat emptor ("let the buyer beware")
• Caveat venditor ("let the seller beware")

Other:

• CAVEAT, a Canadian lobby group
• Caveat, an album by Nuclear Death
• Caveat (horse) (fl. 1983)

See also[link]

• Paulette Caveat, attempt to enjoin development in northern Canada
• Patent caveat, former type patent-related action

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Antonio Meucci
Born	(1808-04-13)13 April 1808 Florence, Italy
Died	18 October 1889(1889-10-18) (aged 81) Staten Island, New York
Residence	Staten Island, New York
Citizenship	Italian and U.S.
Nationality	Italian-American
Fields	Communication devices, manufacturing, chemical and food patents
Alma mater	Accademia di Belle Arti Florence, Italy
Known for	Inventing a telephone-like device, innovator, business man, supporter of Italian unification

Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci (Italian: [anˈtɔːnjo meˈuttʃi]; 1808–1889) was an Italian-American inventor and a friend of the revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi.^[1] He was best known for developing a voice communication apparatus which several sources credit as the first telephone.^[2][3]

Meucci set up a form of voice communication link in his Staten Island home that connected its second floor bedroom to his laboratory.^[4] He submitted a patent caveat for his telephonic device to the U.S. Patent Office in 1871, but there was no mention of electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound in his caveat. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound by undulatory electric current.

Early life[link]

Meucci was born at Via dei Serragli 44 in the San Frediano borough of Florence,Grand Duchy of Tuscany, (now in the Italian Republic), on 13 April 1808, as the first of nine children to Amatis and Domenica Meucci.^[5] Amatis was an officer of the local police and his mother was principally a homemaker. Four of Meucci's siblings did not survive childhood.

In November 1821, at the age of 15, he was admitted to Florence Academy of Fine Arts as its youngest student, where he studied chemical and mechanical engineering.^[6] He ceased full time studies two years later due to insufficient funds, but continued studying part time after obtaining employment as an assistant gatekeeper and customs official for the Florentine government.^[7] Meucci later became employed at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence as a stage technician, assisting Artemio Canovetti.^[8]

In 1834 Meucci constructed a type of acoustic telephone to communicate between the stage and control room at the Teatro della Pergola. This telephone was constructed on the principles of pipe-telephones used on ships and still functions.^[9]

He married costume designer Esterre Mochi, who was employed in the same theatre, on 7 August 1834.^[10]

Meucci was alleged to be part of a conspiracy involving the Italian unification movement in 1833–1834, and was imprisoned for three months with Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi.^[8]

Havana, Cuba[link]

In October 1835, Meucci and his wife emigrated to Cuba, then a Spanish province, where Meucci accepted a job at what was then called the Great Tacón Theater in Havana (at the time, the greatest theater in the Americas).^[5] In Havana he constructed a system for water purification and reconstructed the Gran Teatro.^[11][12]

In 1848 his contract with the Governor expired. Meucci was asked by a friend's doctors to work on Franz Anton Mesmer's therapy system on patients suffering from rheumatism. In 1849 Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat illness and subsequently experimentally developed a device through which one could hear inarticulate human voice. He called this device "telegrafo parlante" (lit. "talking telegraph").^[13]

In 1850, the third renewal of his contract with Don Francisco Martì y Torrens expired. Meucci's friendship with the General Giuseppe Garibaldi made him a suspect citizen in Cuba. On the other hand, the fame reached by Samuel F. B. Morse in the United States encouraged Meucci to make his living through inventions.

Move to Staten Island, New York[link]

On 13 April 1850 Meucci and his wife immigrated to the United States, taking with them approximately 26,000 Pesos Fuertes of accumulated savings (approximately $500,000 in 2010 funds), and settled in the Clifton area of Staten Island, New York City.^[14][15] The Meuccis would live there for the remainder of their lives. In Staten Island he helped several countrymen committed to the Italian unification movement (the "Risorgimento") and who had escaped political persecution. Meucci invested the substantial capital he had earned in Cuba in a tallow candle factory (the first of this kind in America) employing several Italian exiles. For two years Meucci also hosted in his cottage his friends, General Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Colonel Paolo Bovi Campeggi, who arrived in New York two months after Meucci. They worked in Meucci's factory.

In 1854 Meucci's wife Ester became an invalid due to rheumatoid arthritis. Meucci continued his experiments.

Electromagnetic telephone[link]

Meucci studied the principles of electromagnetic voice transmission for many years and was able to realise his dream of transmitting his voice through wires in 1856. He installed a telephone-like device within his house in order to communicate with his wife who was ill at the time.^[16] Some of Meucci's notes purportedly written in 1857 describe the basic principle of electromagnetic voice transmission or in other words, the telephone:

Consiste in un diaframma vibrante e in un magnete elettrizzato da un filo a spirale che lo avvolge. Vibrando, il diaframma altera la corrente del magnete. Queste alterazioni di corrente, trasmesse all'altro capo del filo, imprimono analoghe vibrazioni al diaframma ricevente e riproducono la parola.

translated:

It consists of a vibrating diaphragm and an electrified magnet with a spiral wire that wraps around it. The vibrating diaphragm alters the current of the magnet. These alterations of current, transmitted to the other end of the wire, create analogous vibrations of the receiving diaphragm and reproduce the word.

Meucci purportedly constructed electromagnetic telephones.^{[17][dead link]} He built a working model, purportedly an electromagnetic, not an acoustic version, as a way of connecting his second-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus being able to communicate with his wife. Between 1856 and 1870, Meucci purportedly developed more than 30 different kinds of telephones on the basis of this prototype.

In about 1858, the painter Nestore Corradi purportedly made a sketch of Meucci's ideas (this drawing was used as the image on a stamp produced in 2003 by the Italian Postal and Telegraph Society^[18]).

Meucci had the intention of developing his prototype, however he didn't have the economical means to keep his company afloat so as to finance his invention. His candle factory went bankrupt and Meucci was then obliged to look for funds from rich Italian families. Unfortunately his efforts were in vain.

In 1860 Meucci asked his friend Enrico Bandelari to look for Italian capitalists willing to finance his project. However, military expeditions led by General Garibaldi in Italy had made the political situation in that country too unstable for anybody to invest.^[19] Meucci then purportedly published his invention in the New York Italian-language newspaper "L'Eco d'Italia", although no copy of such reports have ever been located dating back to searches prior to his court case in the 1880s.

Bankruptcy[link]

At the same time, Meucci was led to poverty by some fraudulent debtors. On 13 November 1861 his cottage was auctioned. The purchaser allowed the Meuccis to live in the cottage without paying rent, but Meucci's private finances dwindled so that he soon had to live on public funds and by depending on his friends.

As mentioned in William J. Wallace's ruling,^[20] during the years 1859, 1860, and 1861 Meucci was in close business and social relations with William E. Ryder, who was interested in his inventions, paid the expenses of his experiments, and invested money in Meucci’s inventions. Their close working friendship continued until 1867.

In August 1870, Meucci reportedly was able to capture a transmission of articulated human voice at the distance of a mile by using a copper plait as a conductor, insulated by cotton. He called this device, the "telettrofono". While he was recovering from injuries that befell him in a boiler explosion aboard the Staten Island Ferry, Westfield, Antonio Meucci's financial and health state was so bad that his wife Ester sold his drawings and devices to a second-hand dealer to raise some money.

Patent caveat[link]

On 12 December 1871 Meucci set up an agreement with Angelo Zilio Grandi (Secretary of the Italian Consulate in New York), Angelo Antonio Tremeschin (entrepreneur), Sereno G. P. Breguglia Tremeschin (businessman), in order to constitute the Telettrofono Company. The constitution was notarized by Angelo Bertolino, a Notary Public of New York. Although their society funded him with $20, only $15 was needed to file for a full patent application.^[21][22] The caveat his lawyer submitted to the US Patent Office on 28 December 1871 was numbered 3335 and titled "Sound Telegraph".

This is the text of Meucci's caveat, omitting legal details of the Petition, Oath, and Jurat:^[23]

Analysis of Meucci's caveat[link]

Meucci repeatedly focused on insulating the electrical conductor and even insulating the persons communicating, but does not explain why this would be desirable.^[24] The mouth piece is like a "speaking trumpet" so that "the sound concentrated upon the wire" is communicated to the other person, but he does not say that the sound is to be converted to variable electrical conduction in the wire.^[25] "Another instrument is also applied to the ears," but he does not say that variable electrical conduction in the wire is to be converted to sound.^[25] In the third claim, he claims "a sound conductor which is also an electrical conductor, as a means of communication by sound"^[26] which is consistent with acoustic sound vibrations in the wire that somehow get transmitted better if electrical conductors such as a wire or metallic tube are used.^[27] He emphasizes that the conductors "for mouth and ears... must be metallic", but does not explain why this would be desirable.^[28] He mentions "communication with the ground"^[29] but does not suggest that a ground return must complete a circuit if only "the wire" (singular, not plural) is used between the sender's mouth piece and the receiver's ear piece, with one or the other person being electrically insulated from the ground by means of glass insulators ("...consists in isolating two persons... by placing them upon glass insulators; employing glass, for example, at the foot of the chair or bench on which each sits, and putting them in communication by means of a telegraph wire.").^[30]

Robert V. Bruce, a biographer of Bell, asserted that Meucci's caveat never became a patent and never could have become one because it never described an electric telephone.^[31][32]

Conflicting opinions of Meucci biographers[link]

According to Robert V. Bruce, who gave his personal interpretation of Giovanni E. Schiavo's research, Meucci's own testimony as presented by Schiavo, would demonstrate that the American inventor of Italian origin did not understand the basic principles of the electric telephone, either before Bell invented it, or for several years after Bell invented it.^[32]

However, other researchers have pointed to several bias, inconsistencies, and inaccuracies in Robert V. Bruce's account of the invention of the telephone, firstly with the very name used by Meucci to describe his invention —Bruce referred to Meucci's device as a 'telephone', not as the 'telettrofono'. Meucci's purported relationship with Dr. Seth R. Beckwith was another example of Bruce's bias against Meucci. In fact, Meucci and his legal representative cautioned Beckwith against using and abusing his name for the company that Beckwith had founded in New Jersey.^[33][34]

Moreover, not only did Beckwith's Globe Telephone Co. base its claims against the Bell Telephone Company on Meucci's caveat, but the claims were also supported by approximately 30 affidavits, whereby it was stated that Meucci had repeatedly built and used different types of electric telephones several years before Bell did.^[35][36]

Additionally, English historian William Aitken did not share Robert V. Bruce's viewpoint, who indirectly referred to Meucci as "the silliest and weakest impostor".^[37] Aitken went so far as to define Meucci as the first creator of an electrical telephone. ^[38]

Other recognition of Meucci's work in the past came from the International Telecommunication Union, positing that Meucci's work was one of the four precursors to Bell's telephone, as well as from the Smithsonian Institution, which has portrayed Meucci as one of the eight most important inventors of the telephone.^[39]

Additionally, addressing the incompleteness and errors within Meucci's caveat, since it did not describe an electric telephone, a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers asserted on an article webpage that:^[40]

In December 1871 Meucci formed a partnership with three others to promote the telephone invention. They engaged a lawyer [J.D. Stetson] to prepare a patent application, but the partners did not provide the $250 fee, so all that was prepared was a caveat, which cost $20. The lawyer, who did not understand the invention, prepared the caveat hastily and did not include any drawings.

However the Amalza article and its predecessor sources did not explain why Meucci accepted, signed and returned by mail Mr. Stetson's completed caveat document several days after he received it, nor how Meucci was able to afford to create and file several other fully paid patents (at a cost of several hundred dollars) subsequent to his telettrofono patent caveat, if he was impoverished. These other patents were not related to voice transmission.

Meucci advocates allege that Mr. Stetson erased margin notes that Meucci had added to the document.^[41] That same explanation was not accepted in Meucci's patent infringement court case.

Telettrofono Company[link]

In the summer of 1872 Meucci and his friend Angelo Bertolino went to Edward B. Grant, Vice President of American District Telegraph Co. of New York (not Western Union as commonly related), to ask for help. Meucci asked him for permission to test his telephone apparatus on the company's telegraph lines. He gave Grant a description of his prototype and a copy of his caveat. After waiting two years, Meucci went to Grant and asked him to be given back his documents, but Grant reportedly told him they had been lost.^{[42][43][dead link]}

About 1873 a certain Bill Carroll from Boston, who had news about Meucci's invention, asked him to construct a "telephone for divers". This device should allow divers to communicate with people on the surface. In Meucci's drawing, this device is essentially an electromagnetic telephone encapsulated to be waterproof.^[44][45]

On 28 December 1874, Meucci's Telettrofono patent caveat expired. Critics dispute the claim that Meucci could not afford to file for a patent or renew his caveat, as he filed for and was granted full patents in 1872, 1873, 1875, and 1876, at the cost of $35 each, as well as one additional $10 patent caveat, all totalling $150, for inventions unrelated to the telephone.^[21][22][46]

After Bell secured his patents in 1876 and subsequent years, the Bell Telephone Company filed suit in court against the Globe Telephone Company (amongst many others) for patent infringement. Purportedly too poor to hire a legal team, Meucci was represent only by lawyer Joe Melli, an orphan whom Meucci treated as a son.

While the "American Bell Telephone Company v. Globe Telephone Company, Antonio Meucci, et al." trial was going on, the Bell Telephone Company became involved with another notable trial "The U.S. Government v. American Bell Telephone Company", instigated by the Pan-Electric Telephone Company which had secretly given the U.S. Attorney General 10% of its shares, employed him as a director, and then asked him to void Bell's patent. Had he succeeded in overturning Bell's patent, the U.S. Attorney General stood to become exceeding rich by reason of his shares.^[47][48][49]

Trial[link]

Meucci's telephone was said to be described in the L'Eco d'Italia newspaper of New York in the beginning of 1861, though no issues of the 1861–1863 period are available in the libraries of the United States. Meucci swore in court proceedings what he remembered writing in the newspaper. However, no other contemporary news reports prior to 1875 were ever located to validate Meucci's priority claims of an electromagnetic telephone.

The Havana experiments were briefly mentioned in a letter by Meucci, published by Il Commercio di Genova of 1 December 1865 and by L'Eco d'Italia of 21 October 1865 (both existing today).^[50]

One of the most important pieces of evidence brought up in the trial was Antonio Meucci's "Memorandum Book". This book, produced by Rider&Clark, contained Antonio Meucci's noted drawings and records since 1862 up to 1882. In the trial, Antonio Meucci was accused of having produced records after Bell's invention and back-dated them. As proof, the prosecutor brought forward the fact that the Rider&Clark company was founded only in 1863. In the trial, Antonio Meucci said that William E. Rider himself, one of the owners, had given him a copy of the memorandum book in 1862; however, Meucci was not believed.^[51]

On 13 January 1887, the United States Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided.^[52][53] By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,46 and dated 7 March 1876 and No. 186,787 dated 30 January 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a "precedent." With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the U.S. Attorney General dropped the law suit on 30 November 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits.^[54]

During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to lack of material evidence of his inventions as his working models were reportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York. ADT did not join with Western Union to become its subsidiary until 1901.^[33][55]

Meucci's patent caveat had described a 'lover's telegraph' which transmitted sound vibrations mechanically across a taut wire, a conclusion that was also noted in various reviews ("The court further held that the caveat of Meucci did not describe any elements of an electric speaking telephone…..", and "The court held that Meucci's device consisted of a mechanical telephone consisting of a mouthpiece and an earpiece connected by a wire, and that beyond this the invention of Meucci was only imagination.") ^[47][56] Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon his death.^[57]

Death[link]

Meucci's wife Ester became increasingly frail and was invalided for approximately five years before dying in 1884.^[58] Meucci became ill in March 1889, and died on 18 October 1889 in Clifton, Staten Island, New York City.^[1][59]

Invention of the telephone[link]

There exists much dispute over who deserves priority as the first inventor of the telephone, although Bell was credited with being the first to transmit articulate speech by undulatory currents of electricity.

An Italian researcher in telecommunications, engineer Basilio Catania,^[60] and the Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica have devoted a Museum to Antonio Meucci making a chronology of his inventing the telephone and tracing the history of the two trials opposing Meucci and Bell.^[61][62] They both support the claim that Antonio Meucci was the real inventor of the telephone^[63] However, some scholars outside of Italy do not recognize the claims that Meucci's device had any bearing on the development of the telephone. Tomas Farley also writes that, "Nearly every scholar agrees that Bell and Watson were the first to transmit intelligible speech by electrical means. Others transmitted a sound or a click or a buzz but our boys [Bell and Watson] were the first to transmit speech one could understand."^[64]

In 1834 Meucci constructed a kind of acoustic telephone as a way to communicate between the stage and control room at the theatre "Teatro della Pergola" in Florence. This telephone was constructed on the model of pipe-telephones on ships and is still functional.^[9]

In 1848 Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat rheumatism. He used to give his patients two conductors linked to 60 Bunsen batteries and ending with a cork. He also kept two conductors linked to the same Bunsen batteries. He used to sit in his laboratory, while the Bunsen batteries were placed in a second room and his patients in a third room. In 1849 while providing a treatment to a patient with a 114V electrical discharge, in his laboratory Meucci is claimed to have heard his patient's scream through the piece of copper wire that was between them, from the conductors he was keeping near his ear. His intuition was that the "tongue" of copper wire was vibrating just like a leave of an electroscope; which means that there was an electrostatic effect. In order to continue the experiment without hurting his patient, Meucci covered the copper wire with a piece of paper. Through this device he claimed hearing an inarticulated human voice. He called this device "telegrafo parlante" (lit. "talking telegraph").^[13]

On the basis of this prototype, Meucci is claimed to have worked on more than 30 kinds of telephone. In the beginning he was inspired by the telegraph. Differently from other pioneers of the telephone, such as Charles Bourseul, Philipp Reis, Innocenzo Manzetti and others, he did not think about transmitting voice by using the principle of the telegraph key (in scientific jargon, the "make-and-break" method), but he looked for a "continuous" solution, which means without interrupting the electric flux.

In 1856 Meucci is claimed to have constructed the first electromagnetic telephone, made of an electromagnet with a nucleus in the shape of a horseshoe bat, a diaphragm of animal skin, stiffened with potassium dichromate and keeping a metal disk stuck in the middle. The instrument was hosted in a cylindrical carton box.^[17] He purportedly constructed this as a way to connect his second-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus communicate with his wife who was an invalid.

Meucci separated the two directions of transmission in order to eliminate the so-called "local effect", adopting what we would call today a 4-wire-circuit. He constructed a simple calling system with a telegraphic manipulator which short-circuited the instrument of the calling person, producing in the instrument of the called person a succession of impulses (clicks), much more intense than those of normal conversation.^{[dubious – discuss][citation needed]} As he was aware that his device required a bigger band than a telegraph, he found some means to avoid the so-called "skin effect" through superficial treatment of the conductor or by acting on the material (copper instead of iron).^{[dubious – discuss][citation needed]} He said he used insulated copper wire.

In 1864 Meucci is claimed to have produced his "best device", using an iron diaphragm with optimized thickness and tightly clamped along its rim. The instrument was housed in a shaving-soap box, whose cover clamped the diaphragm.

In August 1870, Meucci is claimed to have obtained transmission of articulate human voice at a mile distance by using as a conductor a copper wire insulated by cotton. He called his device "telettrofono". Drawings and notes by Antonio Meucci claimed to be dated 27 September 1870 show that Meucci understood inductive loading on long distance telephone lines 30 years before any other scientists.^[65] The painting made by Nestore Corradi in 1858 mentions the sentence "Electric current from the inductor pipe".^{[citation needed]}

It was additionally claimed that about 1873 Bill Carroll from Boston, who had heard news about Meucci's invention, asked him to construct a device to allow divers to communicate with people on the surface. In Meucci's drawing, this device appears to be an electromagnetic telephone, encapsulated to make it waterproof.

Historical debate[link]

The question of whether Bell was the true inventor of the telephone is perhaps the single most litigated fact in U.S. history, and the Bell patents were defended in some 600 cases. Meucci was a defendant in American Bell Telephone Co. v. Globe Telephone Co. and others (the court’s findings, reported in 31 Fed. Rep. 729).

N. Herbert in his History of the Telephone said:

To bait the Bell Company became almost a national sport. Any sort of claimant, with any sort of wild tale of prior invention, could find a speculator to support him. On they came, a motley array, 'some in rags, some on nags, and some in velvet gowns.' One of them claimed to have done wonders with an iron hoop and a file in 1867; a second had a marvelous table with glass legs; a third swore that he had made a telephone in 1860, but did not know what it was until he saw Bell's patent; and a fourth told a vivid story of having heard a bullfrog croak via a telegraph wire which was strung into a certain cellar in Racine, in 1851.^[66]

However, an Italian researcher in telecommunications Professor Basilio Catania provided evidence that Bell was accused of fraud and misrepresentation in 1887.^[67] Catania recounted that Meucci gave his prototypes to Edward B. Grant, Vice President of the American District Telegraph Co. of New York.^[68] Grant reportedly said that the prototypes were lost.

William J. Wallace’s ruling was regarded by historian Giovanni Schiavo as one of the greatest miscarriages of justice in the history of the U.S., and one of the most offensive, too.^[69]

2002 congressional resolution[link]

In 2002, on the initiative of congressman Vito Fossella, in cooperation with an Italian-American deputation, the U.S. House of Representatives passed United States HRes. 269 on Antonio Meucci stating "that the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged." Within its preamble it stated that: "if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell."^[43][70][71] The resolution's sponsor described it as "a message that rings loud and clear recognizing the true inventor of the telephone, Antonio Meucci."^[72]

In 2002 some news articles reported: "the resolution said his "telettrofono", demonstrated in New York in 1860, made him the inventor of the telephone in the place of Bell, who had access to Meucci's materials and who took out a patent 16 years later."^[31][73]

A similar resolution was introduced to the U.S. Senate but no vote was held on the resolution.^{[74] [75] [76]}

Some have disagreed with the House of Representatives resolution.^[31][47][77] Additionally, there was some criticism that Resolution 269 impugned Bell's morality.

The Government of Canada responded ten days later by unanimously passing a parliamentary motion stating that Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor of the telephone.^[78][79]

Others, however, believe House Resolution 269 redressed a historic injustice, and the Italian newspaper La Repubblica hailed the vote to recognise Meucci as a belated comeuppance for Bell.^[2]

Garibaldi–Meucci Museum[link]

Garibaldi–Meucci House on Staten Island

The Order of the Sons of Italy in America maintains a Garibaldi–Meucci Museum on Staten Island. The museum is located in a house that was built in 1840, purchased by Meucci in 1850, and rented to Giuseppe Garibaldi from 1850 to 1854. Exhibits include Meucci’s models and drawing and pictures relating to his life.^[80][81]

In popular culture[link]

• In the 1990 motion picture The Godfather Part III, the character Joey Zasa mentions Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. Meucci's name was also on the license plate of the Cadillac Zaza was auctioning off.

• In the television series The Sopranos, the character Tony Soprano also mentions Meucci as the inventor of the telephone, stating "he was robbed" of being given proper credit. (Season 1, Episode 8: "The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti")

• On 16 May 1996 Umberto Silvestri, President of Telecom Italia, and Guido Clemente, Florence spokesman for the Arts, put a memorial tablet on Meucci's birthplace, Via dei Serragli 44, Florence, with the text: "Qui nacque il 13 aprile 1808 Antonio Meucci, Inventore del Telefono". At the same time a memorial tablet is placed in Gran Teatro in Havana where Meucci had his laboratory with the text: "Antonio Meucci expatriado italiano en la Habana entre los años 1835 y 1850 aquí en el teatro Tacón realizó aquellos experimentos de tranmisión acústica que lo llevaron a la invención del teléfono. La ciudad natal de Florencia y la ciudad hospitalaria de la Habana en su memoria"^[82]

• In 2003 the Italian Communication Ministry and the Italian Postal and Telegraph Society produced a 0,52€ stamp portraying Antonio Meucci as the inventor of the telephone.

• A 2005 TV series produced by the Italian National Broadcasting Network, depicts Mr. Edward B. Grant as cheating Meucci and Alexander Graham Bell as obtaining success by more or less illegal means.^[83][84]

• Google commemorated with a special logo (doodle) Bell^[85] (3 March 2008 – 161st birth's anniversary); In April 2008 the Italian language Google website celebrated Meucci's 200th birth anniversary with a special holiday logo on their webpage (13 April 2008).^[86][87] While Bell's logo was adopted by Google worldwide, the Meucci doodle was only visible on the Italian language Google.

Monument in Meucci Triangle, Gravesend, Brooklyn

Other inventions[link]

This list is also taken from Basilio Catania's historical reconstruction^[88]

• 1825 Chemical compound to be used as an improved propellant in fireworks
• 1834 In the Florence's Teatro della Pergola, he sets up a "pipe telephone" to communicate from the stage to the maneuver trellis-work, at about eighteen meters height.
• 1840 Improved filters and chemical processing of waters supplying the city of Havana, Cuba.
• 1844 First electroplating factory of the Americas, set up in Havana, Cuba. Before, objects to be electroplated were sent to Paris.
• 1846 Improved apparatus for electrotherapy, featuring a pulsed current breaker with rotating cross.
• 1847 Restructuring of the Tacón Theater in Havana, following a hurricane. Meucci conceived a new structure of the roof and ventilation system, to avoid the roof to be taken off in like situations.
• 1848 Astronomical observations by means of a marine telescope worth $280.
• 1849 Chemical process for the preservation of corpses, to cope with the high demand for bodies of immigrants to be sent to Europe, avoiding decomposition during the many weeks navigation.
• 1849 First discovery of electrical transmission of speech.
• 1850-1 First stearic candle factory of the Americas, set up in Clifton, NY.
• 1855 Realization of celestas, with crystal bars instead of steel, and pianos (one is on display at the Garibaldi-Meucci Museum, in Rosebank, NY)
• 1856 First lager beer factory of Staten Island, the Clifton Brewery, in Clifton, NY.
• 1858–60 Invention of paraffin candles. US Patent No. 22,739 on a candle mold for the same and US Patent No. 30,180 on a rotating blade device for finishing the same.
• 1860 First paraffin candle factory in the world, the New York Paraffine Candle Co., set up in Clifton, NY, early in 1860, then moved to Stapleton, NY. It produced over 1,000 candles per day.
• 1860 Experiments on the use of dry batteries in electrical traction and other industrial applications.
• 1860 Process to turn red corals into a pink color (more valued), as requested by Enrico Bendelari, a merchant of New York.
• 1862 US Patent No. 36,192 on a kerosene lamp that generates a very bright flame, without smoke, (therefore not needing a glass tube), thanks to electricity developed by two thin platinum plates embracing the flame.
• 1862–63 Process for treating and bleaching oil or kerosene to obtain siccative oils for paint (US Patents No. 36,419 and No. 38,714). "Antonio Meucci Patent Oil" was sold by Rider & Clark Co., 51 Broad Street, New York, and exported to Europe. See expert comment.
• 1864 Invention of new, more destructive ammunition for guns and cannons, proposed to the US army and to General Giuseppe Garibaldi.
• 1864–65 Processes to obtain paper pulp from wood or other vegetable substances (US Patents No. 44,735, No. 47,068 and No. 53,165). Associated Press was interested in producing paper with this process, which was also the first to introduce the recovery of the leaching liquor. See expert comment.
• 1865 Process for making wicks out of vegetable fiber, US Patent No. 46,607.
• 1867 A paper factory, the "Perth Amboy Fiber Co.," was set up, in Perth Amboy, NJ. The paper pulp was obtained from either marsh grass or wood. It was the first to recycle waste paper. See expert comment.
• 1871 US Patent No. 122,478 "Effervescent Drinks," fruit-vitamin rich drinks that Meucci found useful during his recovery from the wounds and burns caused by the explosion of the Westfield ferry. See expert comment.
• 1871 Filed a patent caveat, (not a 'patent') for a telephone device in December with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
• 1873 US Patent No. 142,071 "Sauce for Food." According to Roberto Merloni, general manager of the Italian STAR company, this Patent anticipates modern food technologies. See expert comment.
• 1873 Conception of a screw steamer suitable for navigation in canals.
• 1874 Process for refining crude oil (caveat)
• 1875 Filter for tea or coffee, much similar to that used in present day coffee machines.
• 1875 Household utensil (description not available) "combining usefulness to cheapness, that will find a ready sale."
• 1875 US Patent No. 168,273 "Lactometer," for chemically detecting adulterations of milk. It anticipates by fifteen years the well-known Babcock test. See expert comment.
• 1875 Upon request by Giuseppe Tagliabue (a Physical Instruments maker of Brooklyn, NY), Meucci devises and manufactures several aneroid barometers of various shapes.
• 1875 Meucci decided not to renew his telephone caveat, thus enabling Bell to get a patent.
• 1876 US Patent No. 183,062 "Hygrometer," which was a marked improvement over the popular hair-hygrometer of the time. He set up a small factory in Staten Island for fabrication of the same. See expert comment.
• 1878 Method for preventing noise on elevated railways, a problem much felt at the time in New York.
• 1878 Process for fabricating ornamental paraffin candles for Christmas trees.
• 1880 US patent application "Wire for Electrical Purposes"
• 1881 Process for making postage and revenue stamps.
• 1883 US Patent No. 279,492 "Plastic Paste," as hard and tenacious to be suitable for billiard balls. See expert comment.

Patents[link]

US patent images in TIFF format

• U.S. Patent 22,739 1859 – Candle mold
• U.S. Patent 30,180 1860 – Candle mold
• U.S. Patent 36,192 1862 – Lamp burner
• U.S. Patent 36,419 1862 – Improvement in treating kerosene
• U.S. Patent 38,714 1863 – Improvement in preparing hydrocarbon liquid
• U.S. Patent 44,735 1864 – Improved process for removing mineral, gummy, and resinous substances from vegetables
• U.S. Patent 46,607 1865 – Improved method of making wicks
• U.S. Patent 47,068 1865 – Improved process for removing mineral, gummy, and resinous substances from vegetables
• U.S. Patent 53,165 1866 – Improved process for making paper-pulp from wood
• U.S. Patent 122,478 1872 – Improved method of manufacturing effervescent drinks from fruits
• U.S. Patent 142,071 1873 – Improvement in sauces for food
• U.S. Patent 168,273 1875 – Method of testing milk
• U.S. Patent 183,062 1876 – Hygrometer
• U.S. Patent 279,492 1883 – Plastic paste for billiard balls and vases

See also[link]

• The Telephone Cases
• Timeline of the telephone
• Invention of the telephone
• Patent caveat
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell
• Critical views of the Motion, Resolution and the Patent Caveat
• Charles Bourseul
• Elisha Gray
• Emile Berliner
• Garibaldi Memorial
• Innocenzo Manzetti
• Philipp Reis
• Thomas Edison

References[link]

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading[link]

Documents of the trial[link]

• Antonio Meucci's Deposition (New York, 7 December 1885 – January 1886), New York Public Library – Annex, New York. NY (USA) National Archives & Records Administration, New York, NY, FILE : Records of the U.S. Circuit Court, Southern District of New York, The American Bell Telephone Co. et al. v. The Globe Telephone Co. et al.
• Affidavit of Michael Lemmi (Translation of Meucci's Memorandum book) sworn Septemher 28, 1885. National Archives & Records Administration. Washington. DC. – RG48. Interior Dept. file 4513- 1885. Enclosure 2)

Scientific and historic research[link]

• Catania Basilio, 2002, "The U.S. Government Versus Alexander Graham Bell: An Important Acknowledgment", Bulletin of Science Technology Society ; 22: 426–442
• Italian Society of Electrotechnics (Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica) Sala Antonio Meucci
• Scientific American Supplement No. 520, 19 December 1885
• Rossi Adolfo, Un Italiano in America. La Cisalpina, Milano 1881.
• Schiavo, Giovanni E., Antonio Meucci : inventor of the telephone, New York : The Vigo press, 1958, no ISBN, IT\ICCU\SBL\0234690 (Italian National Library System).
• Sterling Christopher H., 2004, CBQ REVIEW ESSAY: HISTORY OF THE TELEPHONE (PART ONE): Invention, Innovation, and Impact. Communication Booknotes Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 4, Pages 222–241 (doi: 10.1207/s15326896cbq3504_1)
• Vassilatos Gerry Lost Science (ISBN 0-945685-25-4, review)

Other media[link]

• John Bedini's Antonio Meucci-page Hearing Through Wires.
• Bellis Mary "The History of the Telephone – Antonio Meucci"
• Dossena Tiziano Thomas, Meucci, Forgotten Italian Genius, Bridge Apulia USA N.4, 1999
• Dossena Tiziano Thomas, Meucci, The Inventor of the Telephone, Bridge Apulia USA N.8, 2002
• Fenster Julie M., 2006, Inventing the Telephone—And Triggering All-Out Patent War, AmericanHeritage.com

External links[link]

US Congress Resolution 269[link]

• Bill Number H.RES.269 for the 107th Congress
• Summary and status of Resolution 269

Museums and celebrations[link]

• Italian Society of Electrotechnics (Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica) Sala Antonio Meucci
• Antonio Meucci Centre Montreal, Qc, Canada
• The Garibaldi-Meucci Museum
• The Garibaldi-Meucci Museum (Staten Island site)
• Celebrations for the two hundred years of the birth of Antonio Meucci Official site of the Italian National Committee for the celebrations of the two hundred years of the birth of Antonio Meucci – April 2008 – April 2009 (in Italian and in English)
• Antonio Meucci in La storia siamo noi italian tv program on RAITRE

Cory Doctorow
Cory Doctorow signing a book during June 2010.
Born	(1971-07-17) July 17, 1971 (age 40) Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Occupation	Author, blogger
Genres	Science fiction, postcyberpunk
Notable work(s)	Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, Little Brother
Notable award(s)	John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer, John W. Campbell Memorial Award, Prometheus Award, Sunburst Award
Spouse(s)	Alice Taylor
Children	Poesy Emmeline Fibonacci Nautilus Taylor Doctorow
Influences William Gibson [1]
craphound.com

Cory Efram Doctorow (/ˈkɒri ˈdɒktəroʊ/; born July 17, 1971) is a Canadian-British^[2] blogger, journalist, and science fiction author who serves as co-editor of the weblog Boing Boing. He is an activist in favour of liberalising copyright laws and a proponent of the Creative Commons organization, using some of their licences for his books. Some common themes of his work include digital rights management, file sharing, and "post-scarcity" economics.^[3]

Life and career[link]

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to Trotskyist teachers,^[4] Doctorow was raised in a Jewish activist^[5] household. His father was born in a refugee camp in Azerbaijan^[6] and Doctorow became involved with nuclear disarmament activism and as a Greenpeace campaigner as a child. He received his high school diploma from SEED School, an anarchistic "free school" in Toronto, and attended four universities without attaining a degree. ^{[7] [8]}

He later served on the board of directors for the Grindstone Island Co-operative in Big Rideau Lake in Ontario.

During 1992 Doctorow went on a volunteer visit to Costa Rica with Youth Challenge International (YCI), which he found "profoundly good and profoundly enriching".^[9]

During June 1999, he co-initiated the free software P2P company Opencola with John Henson and Grad Conn. The company was sold to the Open Text Corporation of Waterloo, Ontario during the summer of 2003.^[3]

Doctorow relocated to London and worked as European Affairs Coordinator for the Electronic Frontier Foundation for four years,^[3] helping to establish the Open Rights Group, before quitting to pursue writing full-time during January 2006. Upon his departure, Doctorow was named a Fellow of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.^[3]

He was named the 2006-2007 Canadian Fulbright Chair for Public Diplomacy at the USC Center on Public Diplomacy, sponsored jointly by the Royal Fulbright Commission,^[10] the Integrated Media Systems Center, and the USC Center on Public Diplomacy. The professorship included a one year writing and teaching residency at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.^[3][11]

He then returned to London. He is a frequent public speaker on copyright issues.

During 2009, Doctorow became the first Independent Studies Scholar in Virtual Residence at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. He was formerly a student in the program during 1993-94, but quit without completing a thesis.

Doctorow married Alice Taylor on Sunday, October 26, 2008,^[12] and together they have one daughter named Poesy Emmeline Fibonacci Nautilus Taylor Doctorow, who was born during 2008.^[13] Cory became a British citizen by naturalisation on 12 August 2011.^[2]

Other work and fellowships[link]

He served as Canadian Regional Director of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America during 1999.

Together with Austrian art group monochrom he initiated the Instant Blitz Copy Fight project, for which people from all over the world are asked to take flash pictures of copyright warnings in movie theaters.^[14]

At the 2003 Torcon 3 World Science Fiction Convention, Doctorow was a featured guest.^{[citation needed]}

On October 31, 2005, Doctorow was involved in a controversy concerning digital rights management with Sony-BMG, as told in Wikinomics.^[15]

Cory Doctorow at the Singularity Summit at Stanford in 2006

Doctorow is a regular contributor to the TVOntario podcast Search Engine, formerly on CBC.

Fiction[link]

Doctorow began selling fiction when he was 17 years old and sold several stories followed by publication of his story "Craphound" during 1998.^[16]

Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, Doctorow's first novel, was published during January 2003, and was the first novel released under one of the Creative Commons licences, allowing readers to circulate the electronic edition as long as they neither made money from it nor used it to create derived works. The electronic edition was released simultaneously with the print edition. During March 2003, it was re-released with a different Creative Commons licence that allowed derivative works such as fan fiction, but still prohibited commercial usage. It was nominated for a Nebula Award,^[17] and won the Locus Award for Best First Novel during 2004. A semi-sequel short story named Truncat was published on Salon.com in August 2003.^[18]

Doctorow's other novels have been released with Creative Commons licences that allow derived works and prohibit commercial usage, and he has used the model of making digital versions available, without charge, at the same time that print versions are published.

His Sunburst Award-winning short story collection A Place So Foreign and Eight More, was also published during 2004: "0wnz0red" from this collection was nominated for the 2004 Nebula Award for Best Novelette.^[19]

Doctorow (left) pictured at the 2006 Lift Conference with fellow Boing Boing contributor Jasmina Tešanović (centre) and cyberpunk author Bruce Sterling (right).

Doctorow released the bestselling novel Little Brother in 2008 with a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike licence.^[20] It was nominated for a 2009 Hugo Award, and won the 2009 Prometheus Award,^[21] Sunburst Award,^[22] and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award.

His novel Makers was released during October 2009, and is being serialized for free on the Tor Books website.^[23]

Doctorow's newest young adult novel, For The Win, was released during May 2010. The novel is available free on the author's website as a Creative Commons download, and is also published in traditional paper format by Tor Books. The book concerns massively multiplayer online role-playing games.^[24]

Doctorow's short story collection "With a Little Help" was released in printed format on May 3, 2011. It is a project to demonstrate the profitability of Doctorow's method of releasing his books in print and subsequently for free under Creative Commons.^[25][26]

In September, 2012, Doctorow will release The Rapture of The Nerds, novel written in collaboration with Charles Stross.^[27]

Nonfiction and other writings[link]

Doctorow's nonfiction works include his first book, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Publishing Science Fiction (co-written with Karl Schroeder and published during 2000), and his contributions to Boing Boing, the weblog he co-edits, as well as regular columns in the magazines Popular Science and Make. He is a Contributing Writer to Wired magazine, and contributes occasionally to other magazines and newspapers such as the New York Times Sunday Magazine, the Globe and Mail, Asimov's Science Fiction magazine, and the Boston Globe. During 2004, he wrote an essay on Wikipedia included in The Anthology at the End of the Universe, comparing Internet attempts at Hitchhiker's Guide-type resources, including a discussion of the Wikipedia article about himself.

Doctorow contributed the foreword to Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture (The MIT Press, 2008) edited by Paul D. Miller a.k.a. DJ Spooky. He also was a contributing writer for the book Worldchanging: A User's Guide for the 21st Century.^[28]

He popularized the term "metacrap" by a 2001 essay titled "Metacrap: Putting the torch to seven straw-men of the meta-utopia."^[29] Some of his non-fiction published between 2001 and 2007 has been collected by Tachyon Publications as Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future.

Opinions on intellectual property[link]

Doctorow believes that copyright laws should be liberalized to allow for free sharing of all digital media. He has also advocated filesharing.^[30] He argues that copyright holders should have a monopoly on selling their own digital media, and copyright laws should only be operative when someone attempts to sell a product currently under someone else's copyright.

Doctorow is an opponent of Digital Rights Management, claiming that it limits the free sharing of digital media and frequently causes problems for legitimate users (including registration problems that lock users out of their own purchases and prevent them from being able to move their media to other devices).^[31]

In popular culture[link]

Cory Doctorow wears a red cape, goggles and a balloon as he receives the 2007 EFF Pioneer Award, spoofing an xkcd webcomic in which he is mentioned.

The webcomic xkcd occasionally features a partially fictional version of Doctorow who lives in a hot air balloon "up in" the "blogosphere" ("above the tag clouds") and wears a red cape and goggles, such as in the comic "Blagofaire".^[32] When Doctorow won the 2007 EFF Pioneer Award, the presenters gave him a red cape, goggles and a balloon.^[33]

Awards[link]

• 2000 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer^[34]
• 2004 Locus Award for Best First Novel for Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom
• 2004 Sunburst Award for A Place So Foreign and Eight More
• 2007 The Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award^[35]

For Little Brother

• 2009 John W. Campbell Memorial Award^[36]
• 2009 Prometheus Award^[21]
• 2009 Sunburst Award^[22]
• 2009 White Pine Award^[37]

Bibliography[link]

Science fiction novels[link]

• Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom. Tor. 2003. ISBN 0-7653-0436-8.  with a Creative Commons licence
• Eastern Standard Tribe. Tor. 2004. ISBN 0-7653-0759-6.  with a Creative Commons licence
• Someone Comes to Town, Someone Leaves Town. Tor. 2005. ISBN 0-7653-1278-6.  and with a Creative Commons licence.
• Little Brother. Tom Doherty Associates. 2008. ISBN 0-7653-1985-3.  and with a Creative Commons licence
• Makers. Tor. 2009. ISBN 0-7653-1279-4.  and with a Creative Commons licence.
• For The Win. Tor. 2010. ISBN 0-7653-2216-1.  and with a Creative Commons licence.
• Pirate Cinema. Tor. October 12, 2012. ISBN 0-7653-2908-5.  and with a Creative Commons licence.

Short stories and anthologies[link]

• 0wnz0red, short story, 2002
• Truncat (short story) -- a quasi-sequel to Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, 2003.
• A Place So Foreign and Eight More (short story collection, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003).
• I, Robot (Hugo nominated short story, InfiniteMatrix.net, 2005)
• Overclocked: Stories of the Future Present (short story collection, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2007) ISBN 1-56025-981-7
• Scroogled originally appeared in the magazine Radar, 2007.
• True Names, (short story with Benjamin Rosenbaum) in Fast Forward 2, edited by Lou Anders, ISBN 978-1-59102-692-1, 2008
• There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow / Now is the Best Time of Your Life (97 pgs.; in an edited anthology, 2010)^[16]
• With a Little Help, (short stories collection, December 2010)
• Chicken Little (from short story anthology, Gateways, edited by Elizabeth Anne Hull, April 2011).

Other[link]

• Ebooks: Neither E Nor Books. (February 12, 2004)
• Glenn Yeffeth, ed., The Anthology at the End of the Universe?, chapter titled "Wikipedia: A Genuine H2G2-Minus the Editors", by Cory Doctorow, Benbella Books ISBN 1-932100-56-3.
• The Complete Idiot's Guide to Publishing Science Fiction (self-help, Alpha Books, 2000).
• Essential Blogging (tech help, O'Reilly and Associates, 2002). ISBN 0-596-00388-9.
• /usr/bin/god (novel; Tor Books) — In a June 11, 2008 interview with the Onion's A.V. Club, Doctorow stated that the book was "on the shelf more or less permanently, although it might be resurrected at some point".^[38]
• Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future (September, 2008).
• Context: Selected Essays on Productivity, Creativity, Parenting, and Politics in the 21st Century (October, 2011)^[39]
• The Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow (November, 2011)^[40]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Cory Doctorow

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Cory Doctorow

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cory Doctorow

• Doctorow, Corey at the Open Directory Project
• Cory Doctorow's personal website
• Boing Boing blog
• BookBanter interviews Cory Doctorow
• Cory Doctorow's USC Course
• Cory Doctorow at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• When Cory Doctorow Ruled the World (February 2007 interview, with link to audio)
• Video of keynote speech at LIFT06 conference
• Video of Cory Doctor's lecture, "Copyright versus Universal Access to All Human Knowledge and Groups Without Cost: the state of play in the global copyfight" at the Quantum to Cosmos Festival
• Manifesto for a virtual revolution: 2010 interview with Tom Chatfield, discussing For the Win and cyber-activism
• Rethinking Privacy in an Age of Disclosure and Sharing discussion with Peter Barron, Claire Fox, Norman Lewis of Wireless Grids Corporation, and Anna Minton at The Institute of Ideas, October 2009
• For the Win book talk at Books Inc., May 2010
• Several electronic books (eBooks) written by Cory Doctorow are available in the Works by Cory Doctorow at Project Gutenberg for free.

Tom Steinberg

Tom Steinberg is the founder and director of mySociety the organisation which runs democracy and transparency websites in the UK, including TheyWorkForYou and WriteToThem.^[1][2][3] Steinberg worked in the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit from 2001 to 2003.^[4]

Steinberg co-authored Open source methods and their future potential which argued that the principles of the open source model could have radical implications for governments, citizens and businesses.^[5]

The Power of Information: An Independent Review by Ed Mayo and Tom Steinberg was published in 2007.^[6]

Steinberg is a member of the board of advisers for Code for America.^[7]

In May 2010, it was announced that Steinberg would be part of the UK Government's new Transparency Board which was to be established to promote "greater transparency across Government". ^[8][9]

Referencies[link]

External links[link]

• Tom Steinberg, MySociety and the Tories
• About Tom Steinberg, MySociety