The Pioneer is a medium-sized English language newspaper in India. It is published from multiple locations in India, including Delhi. It is the second oldest English language newspaper in India that is operational. In 2010, The Pioneer launched a Hindi version in Lucknow.^[1]

History[link]

The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865 by George Allen, an Englishman who had had great success in the tea business in north-east India in the previous decade.^[2] It was brought out three times a week from 1865 to 1869 and daily thereafter.^[3] In 1866, a supplement, the Pioneer Mail, consisting of "48 quarto-size pages," mostly of advertisements, was added to the publication.^[2] In 1872, Alfred Sinnett became the editor of the newspaper. Although he was later to be known for his interest in theosophy, he oversaw the transformation of the newspaper to one of exercising great influence in British India.^[2] In 1874, the weekly Pioneer Mail became the Pioneer Mail and India Weekly News and began to also feature short stories and travel writings.^[3] Author Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936), in his early 20s, worked at the newspaper office in Allahabad as an assistant editor from November 1887 to March 1889.^[4]

In July 1933, The Pioneer was sold to a syndicate^[5] and moved from Allahabad to Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, at which time the Pioneer Mail and India Weekly News ceased publication.^[3]

The newspaper remained a primarily Lucknow-based paper until 1990, when it was purchased by the Thapar Group, under L. M. Thapar, who made it a national newspaper, published from Delhi, Lucknow, Bhubaneswar, Kochi, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Dehradun and Ranchi.

However, it did not make money for the group and Thapar cut his losses, selling the paper to its editor Chandan Mitra in 1998. At that time it had 484 employees. Mitra announced that he intended to seek other investors in due course rather than to remain the owner.^[6]

On October 17, 2010, The Pioneer launched its Hindi version of the newspaper from Lucknow ^[1] and in May 2012, the paper inaugurated its Raipur bureau, beginning operations of its Chhattisgarh edition. ^[7]

Editorial policy[link]

As of 2011^[update] Chandan Mitra, who is currently a Bharatiya Janata Party MP, remains the Editor-in-Chief.

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Pioneer website
• The Pioneer epaper

The Pioneer or The Pioneers may refer to:

• The Pioneer (Visalia, California), a 1916 sculpture by Solon H. Borglum
• The Pioneers (Elmwood, Illinois), a 1928 sculpture by Lorado Taft
• The Pioneers (novel), a 1823 book by James Fenimore Cooper
• The Pioneers (band), a Jamaican vocal trio
• The Pioneers (album), a 2004 album by MC Eiht and Spice 1
• "Pioneers" (song), a song on Bloc Party's 2005 album Silent Alarm
• The Pioneer (Indian newspaper), an English-language newspaper published in India
• The Pioneer, a nineteenth-century literary journal edited by James Russell Lowell
• The Pioneer (train), am Amtrak passenger train that ran from 1977 to 1997 between Chicago and Portland, Oregon
• The pioneer (painting), a 1904 painting by Frederick McCubbin
• The Pioneers (1916 film)
• The Pioneers (1926 film)
• The Pioneers (1941 film), a 1941 movie starring Tex Ritter
• The Pioneers (源), a 1980 Taiwanese film, starring Hsu Feng

See also[link]

• Pioneer (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Essie Honiball (born 12 April 1924), is a South African author and health educator in the fields of fruitarianism, fasting and natural healing.

Biography[link]

Early life

Essie Honiball was born Esther Maria Wiese, in Edenburg, Orange Free State, South Africa. She attended Orange Girl High School in Bloemfontein, before studying at the Universities of Stellenbosch and Orange Free State, where she graduated in Biology (B.s.c.), Physical Education (Performers Licentitate) and Music (piano). She then travelled to Europe to continue her Physical Education studies in Holland, Denmark and London.

Later life

After teaching Physical Education at schools in South Africa, Honiball lectured in health and biology education at the Cape Town Training College and at the Pretoria Normal College in Physical Education. She also served as Assistant Head of the Elizabeth Conradie School for disabled children.

Illness

A keen swimmer, she became a junior diving champion of Orange Free State, and a senior diving champion of Western Province (in the Western Cape) in 1946. However, in 1958, Honiball became very ill with tuberculosis and was hospitalized in Kimberley, Northern Cape. Although the illness disappeared, Honiball failed to regain her strength and fell into depression. After hearing of the healing power of fruits by a friend, the author Cornelius Valkenburg de Villiers-Dreyer,^[1][2] whom she married in 1959, and influenced by the writings of South African author Johanna Brandt, she recovered from her condition. When her husband died in 1962, Honiball went on to marry, T. O. Honiball in 1973, a notable cartoonist for The Burger (South Africa) and its magazines.^[3]

Rebirth

After withdrawing from normal life, and adopting a fruit diet (fruits, berries, nuts, seeds, and sometimes vegetables) which she later described in her book I Live On Fruit, she felt transformed, acquiring a healthy body, new outlook on life and new lifestyle, to the surprise of her family and friends. Inspired by the results she had obtained, Honiball initiated the Hokaai! Movement with Herma Loubsa, establishing clubs in different regions of South Africa. The club members, known as Hokaaiers, met every year to attend lectures about the fruit diet and relax in natural surroundings.

Scientific studies

In 1971, Essie Honiball participated in a rare scientific study into the fruitarian diet, conducted by B. J. Meyer, Dean of the Faculty of Basic Medical Science at the University of Pretoria, who was investigating this diet from 1969 to 1973 in co-operation with the Council for Atomic Research and the Medical Research Council.^[4] The results were referenced in the South African Medical Journal and in Professor Meyer's book "Fruit For Thought".^[5] Meyer described how lipid profiles and glucose tolerances improved on a particular fruitarian diet, and how his earlier tests on a 45 year old teacher (Honiball) who claimed she had eaten only fruits for the past 12 years, showed her to be in ‘excellent health’.^[6][7]

Writings

Honiball went on to write several books about her experiences with the fruit diet which were published in Afrikaans and some in English including I Live On Fruit,^[8][9] I Live On Fruit And Nothing Else, and, A Fruit Eater Is Born, which documented 50 years of her life’s work and experiences with diet. According to her writings, she sustained an exclusive fruitarian diet, for a period of 20 years without break, and has continued with the fruitarian diet throughout her life. In 2010, her books Ek leef van vrugte and I Live On Fruit will be updated and republished by Benedic Books.

Biography

In 2010, well-known South African author Anoeschka von Meck, signed an agreement with Benedic Books for the writing of Essie Honiball's biography. Initially the book will be published in Afrikaans with the title: Essie Honiball: Die Ontwaking, and later translated into English with the title: Essie Honiball: The Awakening. The Afrikaans edition is scheduled for release at the end of 2010, and the English edition, at the beginning of 2011.

Legacy[link]

Honiball is one of a series of latter-20th century writers who writes about fruitarianism, raw nutrition, fasting and detoxification. She has produced a series of 12 books in Afrikaans and English, about the fruit diet and is featured in the book Stellenbosch Writers by Rosemarie Breuer.^[10] She is also cited in Raw Knowledge: Enhancing The Powers of the Mind, Body and Soul, by health author, Paul Nison.^[11] In 2002, Morris Krok, republished her book I Live On Fruit. The high fruit, low fat and all raw diet, which Honiball promotes has been referred to in the writings of health authors including Anne Osborne, Brian R. Clement Ph.D, Dr. Douglas Graham, and Viktoras Kulvinskas.^[12] She received an honorary certificate from Orange Girl High School, Bloemfontein, in 2006.

Criticisms[link]

Honiball's fruitarian diet consisted of fruits, berries, nuts and seeds. Health writers including Robert Gray, Arnold Ehret, Morris Krok and Johnny Lovewisdom, have described how nuts and seeds are not botanically fruits, and too concentrated to form part of the optimum fruitarian diet.^[13]

Publications[link]

Afrikaans

• Ek Leef Van Vrugte, (I Live On Fruit), South Africa, Pretoria, Makro Books, 1974, 1979
• Ek Leef van Vrugte - Vandag (I Live on Fruit - Today), South Africa, Somerset West, Benedic Books, 2010
• Hokaai: Op Pad Na Môre, (My Fruit Diet After 40 Years), South Africa, Pretoria, Makro Books, 1982, 1998
• Die Tuin, (The Garden), South Africa, 1985
• Stééds Vrugte, (Fruits Forever), South Africa, Pretoria, Benedic Boeke, 1989, 1998.
• Ek Leef Van Vrugte, (I Live On Fruit), South Africa, Pretoria, Benedic Boeke, 1991 - Omnibus of Ek Leef Van Vrugte (1974), Hokaai (1982), and Die Tuin
• Skokkende Goeie Nuus: Uitgebeeld In Christelike Perspektief, (A Fruit Eater Is Born: A Book For Fruitarians & Hokaaiers), South Africa, Pretoria, 1994, 2002
• Op Pad Na More, (On The Way To Tomorrow), South Africa, Pretoria, Benedic Boeke, 1998

English

• I Live On Fruit, USA, Texas, Life Science Publications/Life Science Institute, 1979, 1981, 1990 (with Terry Fry)
• I Live On Fruit And Nothing Else, South Africa, Pretoria, Benedic Boeke, 1989
• I Live On Fruit, USA, Texas, Mabcgacam Books, 1990
• Forum 2000 (Issue 2) (compiled by Johan Nel), South Africa, Pretoria, Benedic Boeke, 1993, 79 pages, ISBN 0-86812-382-X, ISBN 978-0-86812-382-0
• I Live On Fruit, South Africa, Pretoria, Essence of Health Publications, 2002
• A Fruit Eater Is Born: A Book For Fruitarians and Hokaaiers, South Africa, Pretoria, ABC Press, 2005,

References[link]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2011)

Joachim Garraud
Background information
Birth name	Joachim Garraud
Also known as	Joachim Garraud
Origin	France
Genres	Electro House
Occupations	Producer
Years active	1989 - present
Labels	Gum Prod, Prod public garden, Gum Records
Website	www.joachimgarraud.com

Joachim Garraud, was born in 1968 in Nantes, is a French DJ, but he is also a remixer and producer.^[1] He is the producer of stars such as Geyster, Paul Johnson, Deep Dish, David Bowie, OMD, Kylie Minogue, Mylène Farmer, Cassius, Belamour, Kid Vicious, Saffron Hill and Culture Club.

Known for his many collaborations with other DJs and musicians like David Guetta or Jean-Michel Jarre he moderates a weekly radio show on Radio FG that plays a new mix (Zemixx) each week to its listeners before making it available on his Podcast. He is also the Co-founder of various labels:

• Gum Prod,
• Prod public garden and
• Gum Records

His mixes are a mixture of traditional DJ and then he remixes live directly onto cd. Certain sounds which he employs had never been heard in House Music before.

Joachim is known for his energetic sets, using images to go with his sounds, as well as the keyboard, and for his setting in scene.

Biography[link]

After having perfectionned his piano and percussions for seven years at the conservatory, he decided to move toward electronic music. long with Laurent Garnier, he started as a DJ as the Boy, the Parisian club that first initiated the discovery of the techno phenomenon in France. He then successfully tried some music production with Maxximum radio station, number one national 100% dance radio station (CTL group). Becoming the pioneer of numerical music, he created his own recording studio in the middle of Paris, which allowed him to remix, compose or produce artists such as David Guetta, Jean-Michel Jarre, Paul Johnson, Deep Dish, David Bowie, OMD, Kylie Minogue, Mylène Farmer, Cassius, Cerrone, Moby, Robbie Rivera... and many more. Joachim developed a new concept, blending Deejaying and musical improvisation, thus giving a true concert, a unique live performance which soon gave him the opportunity to perform all over the World. Today, he is surrounded by a big community with the Space Invader mascot.

1989 > DJ at The Boy in Paris, and on Maxximum radio station.

1991 > First rave in Moscow, the Youri Gagarine Party, which brought 300 000 people together.

1993 à 1997 > Manchester Techno Festival, Berlin. DJ at The QUEEN (Paris).

1999 > DJ in front of an emormous TV audience of 2.4 billion viewers, on December 31, live from the Cairo pyramids. He also produced the sound for Jean-Michel Jarre's performance and album, "Metamorphoses".

2000 > Creation of the GUMPROD label, in association with David Guetta.

2001 > Co-writer and co-producer of David Guetta's album, "Just a little more love": 200.000 copies sold in France, and also of the single "Love don't let me go", #1 of the top club tracks during 12 weeks, with 500.000 discs sold in France for that single.

2003 > Remixes for Kylie Minogue, OMD, Cassius, Cerroneand production the album Geyster (I love 1984), of the single "Money" by David Guetta and of the album "Guetta Blaster 2004".

2004 > Release of "People", a movie with over 1 hour of music co-composed and produced by Joachim Garraud. production of Jean-Michel Jarre's "AERO", first album mixed in 5/1. Release of "The World is Mine": Joachim Garraud co-wrote and produced this track with David Guetta. Beginning of the collaboration with Pioneer Japan for the development of new machines.

2005 > Creation of the "F*** Me I'm Famous records" label with David Guetta. remix of "Fuck them All", a single by Mylène Farmer. 10-day DJ Tour in China and Japan. release of "Summer Moon", in collaboration with Tim Deluxe, Bob Sinclar and David Guetta. remixes for Moby, Robbie Riviera, Culture Club, Cerrone, Eurythmics. double "Golden Disc" in France for the Guetta Blaster album, which sold over 200.000 copies.

2006 > Joachim Garraud and David Guetta were nominated at the Grammy Awards as composers of the best remix of the year. oachim Garraud's Zemixx and Live Video podcasts got ranked1rst and 2nd on the iTunes Music Store France Podcast Chart. he was the only French DJ who performed at the Love Parade in Berlin, in front of over 1 million people.

2007 > Joachim was the main host of the Technoparade in Paris, which broke the record of attendance. He was the only DJ to have his own float, which allowed him to invite Oliver Huntemann, Laidback Luke, Benni Benassi, Dj Sender and David Guetta. The forum Joachimgarraud.com is the most visited in the Electronic Music category, with 300.000 unique visitors per month. Signed his maxi, "Street's Sound", at Joia Records (Label of the Swedish House Mafia). on the 2007 Night Trophy, as Best French DJ. He was chosen as the Best Electro DJ of the year in October, at the Burn FG DJ Awards.

2008 > Zemixx, a 60 mins non stop mix, weekly radio show now available in English each week for free http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?id=271786832

February : DJ Mag Party in Ukraine Biggest festival in France : Inox with Sven Vath, Ritchie Hawtins, Jeff Mills and many more Live at Stade de France with carl cox, tiesto, guetta, martin solveig (5 July 2008) 45.000 people.

> First Solo Album "Invasion" with the complete new process Launch of "CD on Demand" Each Lp is unique and delivered at home. For the first time, anybody can do his own design, artwork, and playlist.

Summer Tour : for the first Time a French DJ produced 11 shows outdoor only with a real audio video concert. This is the INVASION Show. 35 people are on this tour working everyday for this summer tour. http://web.me.com/joachimgarraud/Joachim_Garraud_Live/Live_Show_Full_Set_up.html

DJ Resident @Space Ibiza, Headliner for 11 nights, each Monday for Monday's Calling from June to September 2nd best entry into DJ mag Top 100, #27 October : Closing Party Space, Ibiza. November : Are U Ready, first Single, Number One Chart Club in France. The Box Invasion = 8CD audio+2DVD released at 2000 copies are sold in few days in France. Live@Virgin Megastore Paris, on the Champs Elysées. December : Remix for Federico Franchi, Dabruck and Klein, Roman Salzger, Laidback Luke.

2009 > January : Best French Producer and DJ 2008, Only For Dj's Magazine. First major tour on the American continent with shows in Toronto, Miami, Washington DC, NYC, Los Angeles, San Francisco, etc. Release of the Space Party compilation, Ze Beat Galactic (a CD mixed by Joachim with 2 CDs with exclusive mixes) The renowned English label Toolroom Knights puts its trust in Joachim and offers him the chance to select and mix his last compilation. An iPhone application by Joachim Garraud comes out giving fans all the news on Joachim right in their pockets. Fruitful collaborations take place with artists such as Eddie Thoneick, Steve Aoki, Felix Da Housecat, Tocadisco, Robbie Rivera, Basement Jaxx, Carl Cox A "Space Bus" brings Space Invaders to the Scoop club in Tours Joachim celebrates the 200th Zemixx at the Platinum Club in Rennes with Dabruck & Klein "Wrecking Ball" video is created by Fabien Dufils in the streets of New York The Technoparade gets dancing to his "DJ Hero INVDR2" float with Axwell, Steve Angello, Laidback Luke, Robbie Rivera, Dabruck & Klein, Michael Kaiser, Antoine Clamaran, Dirty South^{[disambiguation needed ]} and Joachim Garraud Joachim takes part in the 25 year Aids campaign in the album "Message" The Inox Festival goes from Toulouse to Strasbourg, Joachim plays there along with DJ Ralph, Antoine Clamaran and Bob Sinclar Release of the second ClubFG - Zemixx compilation Release of the Space Box 2k10 which features 8 CDs, 2 DVDs, one tee shirt, one calendar, an 80 page book....and a Pioneer CDJ 1000 MK2 to win.

2010 > M6 Music Club launch the "World DJ Tour by Joachim Garraud" and follow Joachim across the world at his shows Joachim is ranked 3rd best DJ in the FG World Top DJs rankings. Joachim takes part in a major Australian tour going through Brisbane, Perth, Canberra, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide... In Miami, Joachim sets the dancefloor alight with Mark Knight, Robbie Rivera, Laidback Luke, Bob Sinclar, Antoine Clamaran, etc... Many competitions organized on the forum of JoachimGarraud.com which allow the winners to go home with an iPod Touch or to do Joachim's pre set warm up, all costs included at the Accapulco club in Corsica. Collaborations with Eric Carter, Gorillaz, Kaskade For M6 Music Club, Joachim takes us backstage during the world tour of Jean Michel Jarre.

On the 3 July, the Inox Park festival launches in Chatou, right next to Paris, from midday to midnight, and allows more than 5,000 people to see 12 hours of non stop DJs on 2 stages, like Sebastien Benett, D'Julz, Antoine Clamaran, Popof Live, Martin Solveig, Jeff Mills, Bob Sinclar, Loco Dice, Eric Prydz, Dubfire, Richie Hawtin and Joachim Garraud. This first edition is a huge success and big party. It is also the chance for Joachim to present his new show INVASION (already premiered in Australia) which combines music and video. For the first time, Joachim tours in Columbia. The Invasion show passes by London's O2 as well as in Brasil Joachim takes home the prize of "Best DJ Performance" at the FG Awards in Monaco 2010 A competition on the forum allows Thomas to come to Joachim's studio to listen to his new album Invasion 2011 exclusively The year ends well with the announcement of the Invasion Box 2011, featuring the new album, a 3 hour long DVD, a pair of WESC headphones by Joachim Garraud, a mask, a tee shirt, stickers, a space torch, a calendar, USB key and so on...

2011 > Joachim made the cover of DJmag Mexico, the specialized magazine in electronic music and DJs. He signed a partnership with Serato as part of its Live shows improvised thanks to the technology Scratch Live & Video SL.

We are the future, the first clip from the new abum of Joachim Garraud “Invasion 2011was shot over two nights (in Dijon and Paris) in which the Space Invaders were invited to come with panels representing the phrases of the chorus.

March 18, the Invasion 2011 marathon begins with the official party premiere of the album "Invasion 2011" at Queen in Paris, and then Marseille.

March 21 was held the official release of the new album by Joachim on any sales platforms. It contains 15 tracks including the singles "We Are the Future" and "Stop".

Joachim Garraud produced Perry Farrell, an icon in the United States. Musician, singer, actor and director, he is the founder of alternative rock bands like Jane's Addiction and Porno For Pyros. It is also the creator of the Lollapalooza festival.

An album containing 11 tracks was produced by Joachim Garraud. Halfway between Pet Shop Boys, Curiosity Killed the Cat and OMD, the album was released in 2011. The first live Perry Farrell’s show with tracks produced by Joachim took place on April 2 in Santiago de Chile during the Festival Lolapalooza.

The Invasion Box 2011, released in late December 2010, is already generating nearly 4000 sales in 15 countries since mid-March 2011.

Late March 2011, Joachim was on tour in Miami.

Then came a series of shows and interviews at the Ultra Music Festival followed by many others live shows as: DJ Mag Party @ Shelborne Pool, Juicy @ Nikki Beach, Radio FG Party...

Joachim participated in several festivals and played in front of tens of thousands of clubbers: United States, South America and Eastern Europe at prestigious festivals such as Lolapalooza in Chile and Chicago, Coachella in California, Exit Festival in Serbia or Electric Zoo Festival in New York. At his side, DJs such as Armin Van Buuren, Richie Hawtin, Skrillex, Loco Dice, Dirty South, Carl Cox, Steve Aoki, Deadmau5, Fedde Le Grand, or artists such as Portisheah and Jamiroquai.

On June 3, 2011, the number 300 of the weekly show Zemixx is programmed.

This huge party celebrated the 300th issue of the program Zemixx.

This party took place at the Parc des Expositions in Caen and was broadcasted live on FG DJ Radio from midnight to 4 am.

In May 2011, as every year, the festival Inox was held at Toulouse and attracted thousands of clubbers from all over France.

New musical productions were released on June 2011.

For his new compilation "Ibiza 2011", the label Toolroom Records once again trusted Joachim Garraud including an exclusive song: "Dark Signal".

Both songs BANG BANG & EVERYBODY IN THE PLACE, sample tracks from Joachim Garraud Invasion 2011, were released at the same time. Many remixes of those two tracks were released too.

On September 10, 2011, Inox Park took place at Chatou, near Paris. This festival was held during 12h in the open air with a program of DJs such as Tiësto, Sven Vath, Axwell, Avicii, Steve Aoki, Joachim Garraud, Skrillex, Marco Carolla, Magda, etc. ...

Invasion Show 2011[link]

• Ukraine
• Asia
• Austria
• Belgium
• Germany
• Indonesia
• Japan
• Australia

http://www.joachimgarraud.com/summer-tour-2011/

As well as touring the above mentioned countries, Joachim regularly tours around France.

Discography[link]

Singles and remixes[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Joachim Garraud's Official Website
• Joachim Garraud 2009 interview Laptoprockers

Johan Galtung
Johan Galtung in May 2011 at the 41st St. Gallen Symposium
Born	(1930-10-24) 24 October 1930 (age 81) Oslo, Norway
Fields	Sociology, Peace and conflict studies
Institutions	Columbia University, University of Oslo, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)
Alma mater	University of Oslo
Known for	Principal founder of peace and conflict studies
Notable awards	Alternative Nobel Prize (1987)

Johan Galtung (born 24 October 1930) is a Norwegian sociologist and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies.^[1] He founded the Peace Research Institute Oslo in 1959, serving as its Director until 1970, and established the Journal of Peace Research in 1964. In 1969 he was appointed to the world's first chair in peace and conflict studies, at the University of Oslo. He resigned his professorship in 1977 and has since held professorships at several universities around the world. Galtung is a prolific researcher, having made contributions to many branches of sociology. He has published more than 1000 articles and over 100 books.^{[2][non-primary source needed]} He was awarded the Alternative Nobel Prize in 1987,^{[citation needed]} and has received many other accolades. He is currently a resident of France and the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Galtung is known for contributions to mathematics and sociology in the 1950s, political science in the 1960s, economics and history in the 1970s, macro history, anthropology and theology in the 1980s. He has developed several influential theories, such as the distinction between positive and negative peace, structural violence, theories on conflict and conflict resolution, the structural theory of imperialism, and the theory of the United States as simultaneously a republic and an empire.^[3]

Biography[link]

Galtung was born in Oslo. He earned the cand. real. (PhD)^[4] degree in mathematics at the University of Oslo in 1956, and a year later completed the mag. art. (PhD)^[5] degree in sociology at the same university^[3] . Galtung received the first of nine honorary doctorates in 1975.^{[citation needed]}

Galtung's father and paternal grandfather were both physicians. The Galtung name has its origins in Hordaland, where his paternal grandfather was born. Nevertheless, his mother, Helga Holmboe, was born in central Norway, in Trøndelag, while his father was born in Østfold, in the south. Galtung has been married twice, and has two children by his first wife Ingrid Eide, Harald Galtung and Andreas Galtung, and two by his second wife Fumiko Nishimura, Irene Galtung and Fredrik Galtung, the co-founder and chief executive of Tiri.^[6]

Upon receiving his mag.art. degree, Galtung moved to Columbia University, in New York City, where he taught for five semesters as an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology.^[7] In 1959, Galtung returned to Oslo, where he founded the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). He served as the institute's director until 1969, and saw the institute develop from a department within the Norwegian Institute of Social Research into an independent research institute with enabling funds from the Norwegian Ministry of Education.^[8]

In 1964, Galtung led PRIO to establish the first academic journal devoted to Peace Studies: the Journal of Peace Research.^[8] In the same year, he assisted in the founding of the International Peace Research Association.^[9]

In 1969 he left PRIO for a position as professor of peace and conflict research at the University of Oslo, a position he held until 1978.^[8] He then served as the director general of the International University Centre in Dubrovnik, also serving as the president of the World Future Studies Federation.^[10] He has also held visiting positions at other universities, including Santiago, Chile, the United Nations University in Geneva, and at Columbia, Princeton and the University of Hawaii.^[11] He has served at so many universities that he has "probably taught more students on more campuses around the world than any other contemporary sociologist."^[10] Galtung is currently teaching courses in the Human Science Department at Saybrook University.^[12]

He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.^[13]

Mediation for peace[link]

Galtung experienced World War II in German-occupied Norway, and as a 12 year old saw his father arrested by the Nazis. By 1951 he was already a committed peace mediator, and elected to do 18 months of social service in place of his obligatory military service. After 12 months, Galtung insisted that the remainder of his social service be spent in activities relevant to peace, to which the Norwegian authorities responded by sending him to prison, where he served six months.^[7]

While Galtung's academic research is clearly intended to promote peace, he has shifted toward more concrete and constructive peace mediation as he has grown older. In 1993, he co-founded "Transcend - A Peace, Development and Environment Network,"^{[14][non-primary source needed]} an organization for conflict transformation by peaceful means. There are four traditional but unsatisfactory ways in which conflicts between two parties are handled:

1. A wins, B loses;
2. B wins, A loses;
3. the solution is postponed because neither A nor B feels ready to end the conflict;
4. a confused compromise is reached, which neither A nor B are happy with.

Galtung tries to break with these four unsatisfactory ways of handling a conflict by finding a "fifth way," where both A and B feel that they win. The method also insists that basic human needs – such as survival, physical well-being, liberty, and identity – be respected.^[15]

Galtung himself has employed the "Transcend" Method while serving as a negotiator in a number of international conflicts. He views his role as that of helping the parties clarify their objectives, and working to come up with solutions that meet the objectives of all parties. He presents them with concrete proposals that are intended to give both sides the sense that they are winners. The 1995 negotiations between Ecuador and Peru are an example of the apparent success of these methods: the two countries had fought three wars since 1941 over an uninhabited and resource-poor border region. Galtung proposed converting the area to a bi-national park, and both sides found this an acceptable solution.^[15]

Major ideas[link]

Galtung's theoretical work proposes that there are four ways in which conflict can emerge: conflicts within a person or between persons; conflicts between races, sexes, generations, or classes; conflicts between states; and conflicts between civilizations or multi-state regions, such as the Cold War.^[15]

He first conceptualized peacebuilding by calling for systems that would create sustainable peace. The peacebuilding structures needed to address the root causes of conflict and support local capacity for peace management and conflict resolution.^[16]

Galtung has held several significant positions in international research councils and has been an advisor to several international organisations. Since 2004 he has been a member of the Advisory Council of the Committee for a Democratic UN.

He has also written many empirical and theoretical articles, dealing most frequently with issues of peace and conflict research. His work is distinguished by his unique perspective as well as the importance he attributes to innovation and interdisciplinarity.

He is one of the authors of an influential account of news values which are the factors which determine what coverage is given to what stories in the news. Galtung also originated the concept of Peace Journalism, which is increasingly influential in communications and media studies.

Galtung is frequently referenced with regard to concepts with which he is strongly associated:

• Structural violence - widely defined as the systematic ways in which a regime prevents individuals from achieving their full potential. Institutionalized racism and sexism are examples of this.
• Negative vs. Positive Peace - introduced the concept that peace may be more than just the absence of overt violent conflict (negative peace), and will likely include a range of relationships up to a state where nations (or any groupings in conflict) might have collaborative and supportive relationships (positive peace).

He has also distinguished himself in public debates concerning, among other things, less-developed countries, defence issues, and the Norwegian EU-debate. In 1987 he was given the Right Livelihood Award. He developed the TRANSCEND Method described above. Economist and fellow peace researcher Kenneth Boulding has said of Galtung that his "output is so large and so varied that it is hard to believe that it comes from a human".^[17]

Galtung's theory of the U.S. as a republic/empire[link]

For Johan Galtung, the U.S. is simultaneously a republic and an empire, a distinction he believes is highly relevant. The U.S. is on the one hand loved for its republican qualities, and on the other loathed by its enemies abroad for its perceived military aggressions.

Among the former qualities are its work ethic and dynamism, productivity and creativity, the idea of freedom, or liberty, and a pioneering spirit.

On the other hand its military and political manipulation are censured for their aggressiveness, arrogance, violence, hypocrisy and self-righteousness, as well as the US public ignorance of other cultures and extreme materialism.^[18]

In 1973, Galtung criticised the “structural fascism” of the United States (and other Western countries) that make war to secure materials and markets, stating that: “Such an economic system is called capitalism, and when it’s spread in this way to other countries it’s called imperialism,” and has praised Fidel Castro for “break[ing] free of imperialism’s iron grip.” Galtung has stated that the United States is a “killer country” that is guilty of “neo-fascist state terrorism” and compared the United States to Nazi Germany for bombing Kosovo during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.”^{[19] [20]}

In an article published in 2004 in Galtung predicted that the US Empire will "decline and fall" by 2020." A complex hypothesis he has developed into a prognosis expanded on in his 2009 book titled The Fall of the US Empire - and Then What? Successors, Regionalization or Globalization? US Fascism or US Blossoming?^[21][22]

According to Galtung, the US Empire causes "unbearable suffering and resentment" because the "exploiters/ killers/ dominators/ alienators, and those who support the US Empire because of perceived benefits" are engaging in "unequal, non-sustainable, exchange patterns." However, Galtung added that the decline of the US Empire does not imply a fall and decline of the US republic and that the "relief from the burden of Empire control and maintenance...could lead to a blossoming of the US Republic." In the Article, Galtung lists fourteen 'contradictions' that, he believes, in the next fifteen years, in 2020, will cause the 'decline and fall' of the American empire.^[22]

Commenting further on these views on the radio and television program Democracy Now, he stated that he loved the American Republic and hated the American Empire. He added that many Americans had thanked him for this statement (on his lecture tours) because of the great difficulty they were having in trying to resolve the conflict between their love for their country and their displeasure with its foreign policy.^[23]

Predictions[link]

Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Galtung has made several predictions of when the USA will no longer be a functioning superpower, a stance that has attracted some controversy. After the beginning of the Iraq War, he revised his prediction of the "downfall of the US-Empire", seeing it as more imminent.^[24] He claims the U.S. will go through a phase as a fascist dictatorship on its path down, and that the Patriot Act is a symptom of this. He claims the election of George W. Bush cost the U.S. empire five years - although he admits that this estimate was set a bit arbitrarily. He now sets the date for the end of the American Empire at 2020, but not the American Republic. Like Great Britain, Russia and France, he says the American Republic will be better off without the Empire.

Galtung has made predictions which have failed to materialize. For example, City Journal claims that in 1953, Galtung predicted that the Soviet Union's economy would soon overtake the West.^[25]

Criticism[link]

During the course of his career, some of Galtung statements and views have drawn criticism. A 2007 article by Bruce Bawer published in City Journal magazine and a subsequent article in February 2009 by Barbara Kay in the National Post criticised some of Galtung's statements.

Both authors criticized Galtung's opinion that while Communist China was “repressive in a certain liberal sense,” Mao Zedong was “endlessly liberating when seen from many other perspectives that liberal theory has never understood” because China showed that “the whole theory about what an ‘open society’ is must be rewritten, probably also the theory of ‘democracy’—and it will take a long time before the West will be willing to view China as a master teacher in such subjects.” The authors also criticized Galtung's opposition to Hungarian resistance against the Soviet invasion in 1956 and his description in 1974 of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov as “persecuted elite personages”.^[26][27]

Both of the above articles alleged that he has suggested that the annihilation of Washington, D.C., would be a fair punishment for America’s arrogant view of itself as “a model for everyone else.” However, Galtung has called the September 11 attacks "criminal political violence".^[28]

Alleged Anti-Semitism[link]

Galtung was widely criticized by Norwegian media and academics and accused of lending his authority to anti-Semitic ideas following public remarks in 2011 and 2012 about the legitimacy of hypothesizing Mossad involvement in the 2011 Norway attacks and the merits of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.^[29][30][31] Expanding on his views in a Haaretz interview, Galtung stated regarding Auschwitz that "[it was] not unproblematic that Jews had key niches in a society humiliated by defeat at Versailles", since this "created anti-Semitism that could have been predicted."^[32] His remarks drew international criticism and accusations of antisemitism,^[33][34][35] which Galtung dismissed as "nonsense."^[36]

Selected works[link]

• Statistical hypothesis testing (1953, Department of Sociology, University of Oslo [in Norwegian])
• Gandhi's political ethics (1955) (with philosopher Arne Næss)
• Theory and Methods of Social Research (1967)
• Members of Two Worlds (1971)
• Peace, violence and imperialism (1974)
• Peace Research – Education – Action (1975)
• A Shaping Nightmare (1983)
• Europe in the Making (1989)
• Global Glasnost: Toward a New World Information and Communication Order? (1992) (With R. C. Vincent)
• Peace By Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization (1996)
• Johan without land (2000) (Autobiography for which he won the Brage Prize)
• 50 Years: 100 Peace and Conflict Perspectives, (2008)
• Democracy - Peace - Development (2008) with Paul Scott
• 50 Years: 25 Intellectual Landscapes Explore(2008)
• Globalizing God: Religion, Spirituality and Peace (2008) with Graeme MacQueen

Selected awards and recognitions[link]

• Dr honoris causa, University of Tampere, 1975, peace studies
• Dr honoris causa, University of Cluj, 1976, future studies
• Dr honoris causa, Uppsala University, 1987, social sciences
• Dr honoris causa, Soka University, Tokyo, 1990, peace/buddhism
• Dr honoris causa, University of Osnabrück, 1995, peace studies
• Dr honoris causa, University of Torino, 1998, sociology of law
• Dr honoris causa, FernUniversität Hagen, 2000, philosophy
• Dr honoris causa, University of Alicante, 2002, sociology
• Dr honoris causa, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 2006, law
• Honorary Professor, University of Alicante, Alicante, 1981
• Honorary Professor, Free University of Berlin, 1984–1993
• Honorary Professor, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 1986
• Honorary Professor, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, 1993
• Distinguished Professor of Peace Studies, University of Hawaii, 1993-
• John Perkins University Distinguished Visiting Professor, 2005-
• Alternative Nobel Prize (Right Livelihood Award), 1987
• First recipient of the Humanist Prize of the Norwegian Humanist Association, 1988
• Jamnalal Bajaj International Award for Promoting Gandhian Values, 1993^[37]
• Brage Prize, 2000
• First Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award, 2001
• Honorary Prize of the Norwegian Sociological Association, 2001
• Premio Hidalgo, Madrid, 2005
• Augsburg Golden Book of Peace, 2006
• Member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
• Honorary member of the Green Party, 2009
• Erik Bye Memorial Prize, 2011

References[link]

1. ^ John D. Brewer, Peace processes: a sociological approach, p. 7, Polity Press, 2010
2. ^ TRANSCEND biography on Johan Galtung
3. ^ ^{a b} "Johan Galtung", Norsk Biografisk Leksikon
4. ^ http://www.coe.int/T/d/Com/Dossiers/Events/2002-10-interkultureller-Dialog/CV_Galtung.asp
5. ^ http://www.coe.int/T/d/Com/Dossiers/Events/2002-10-interkultureller-Dialog/CV_Galtung.asp
6. ^ Genealogical data for Johan Galtung
7. ^ ^{a b} Life of Johan Galtung (in Danish)
8. ^ ^{a b c} PRIO biography for Johan Galtung
9. ^ History of the IPRA
10. ^ ^{a b} (E. Boulding 1982: 323)
11. ^ Dagens Nyheter 2003-01-15.
12. ^ Saybrook.edu
13. ^ "Gruppe 7: Samfunnsfag (herunder sosiologi, statsvitenskap og økonomi)" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. http://www.dnva.no/c26848/artikkel/vis.html?tid=27644. Retrieved 26 October 2009. 
14. ^ Transcend.org
15. ^ ^{a b c} The "fifth way"
16. ^ PEACEBUILDING & THE UNITED NATIONS Peacebuilding Support Office, United Nations
17. ^ (K. Boulding 1977: 75)
18. ^ Article by Dr Zeki Ergas "Out of Sync with the world: Some Thoughts on the Coming Decline and Fall of the American Empire".
19. ^ The Peace Racket by Bruce Bawer, City Journal, Summer 2007.
20. ^ http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=1299901 Barbarians within the gate] by Barbara Kay, National Post, February 18, 2009.
21. ^ Prof. J. Galtung: 'US empire will fall by 2020' Russia Today, (posted on Youtube.
22. ^ ^{a b} On the Coming Decline and Fall of the US Empire by Johan Galtung, Transnational Foundation and Peace and Research (TFF), January 28, 2004.
23. ^ Galtung on Democracy Now
24. ^ Amerikas imperium går under innen 2020 Adressa September 23, 2004.
25. ^ Bawer, Bruce. 2007. "The Peace Racket". City Journal. Summer 2007..
26. ^ The Peace Racket by Bruce Bawer, City Journal, Summer 2007.
27. ^ Barbarians within the gate by Barbara Kay, National Post, February 18, 2009.
28. ^ "September 11 2001: Diagnosis, Prognosis, Therapy" by Johan Galtung
29. ^ Galtung leker med ilden (Galtung plays with fire) By John Faerseth in Dagbladet October 10, 2011
30. ^ Verdenskjent, norsk professor mener man må forske på jødemakt (World-famous, Norwegian professor says Jewish power must be scrutinized) By Hilda Nyfløt in Dagbladet April 25, 2012
31. ^ Fredsprofessor anklages for antisemittisme (Peace professor accused of anti-Semitism) By Maria Mikkelsen in VG Nett April 26, 2012
32. ^ Pioneer of global peace studies hints at link between Norway massacre and Mossad By Ofer Aderet April 30, 2012
33. ^ “Peace Studies” Founder and Anti-Semitism By Alana Goodman in Commentary Magazine May 5, 2012
34. ^ Antisemitismus von links: Galtungs Verirrungen (Left anti-Semitism: Galtung's Aberrations) By Eric Frey in Der Standard May 2, 2012
35. ^ Norsk fredsprofessor chokerer med jødehad (Norwegian peace professor shocks with Jew-hatred) By Bent Blüdnikow in Berlingske Tidende May 2, 2012
36. ^ Galtung: Dette er en av grunnene til at jeg forlot Norge (Galtung: This is one of the reasons I left Norway) By Maria Mikkelsen in VG Nett April 26, 2012
37. ^ "Jamnalal Bajaj Awards Archive". Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation. http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2010. 

Sources[link]

• Bawer, Bruce. 2007. "The Peace Racket". City Journal. Summer 2007. Link.
• Boulding, Elise. 1982. "Review: Social Science--For What?: Festschrift for Johan Galtung." Contemporary Sociology. 11(3):323-324. JSTOR Stable URL
• Boulding, Kenneth E. 1977. "Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung." Journal of Peace Research. 14(1):75-86. JSTOR Stable URL

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Johan Galtung

• TRANSCEND - A Peace, Development and Environment Network
• Galtung-Institute for Peace Theory and Peace Practice
• Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)
• Biography on Right Livelihood Award