bgcolour	silver
name	Henry de La Falaise
birth name	James Henri Le Bailly de la Falaise
birth date	February 11, 1898
death date	April 10, 1972
spouse	Gloria Swanson (1925-1931) Constance Bennett (1931-1940) Emmita Rodriguez de Roeder }}

Henry de La Falaise, born James Henri Le Bailly de La Falaise, Marquis de La Coudraye (Saint-Cyr-l'École, France, February 11, 1898 – April 10, 1972), was a French nobleman, translator, film director, film producer, sometimes actor and war hero who was best known for his high-profile marriages to two leading Hollywood actresses.

Career and marriages

Notably handsome and universally known as "Hank," the marquis was admiringly described by the actress Lillian Gish as "a real war hero. In his bathing-suit he presents a graphic picture of what modern warfare does to a man — he is so cut-and-shot and covered with scars."

La Falaise directed at least five motion pictures, among them two exotic productions about primitive life and customs: ''Kliou the Killer'' (1934, released 1936, also known as ''Kliou the Killer Tiger'') and ''Legong: Dance of the Virgins'' (1933, released 1935, also known as ''Djanger: Love Rite of Bali'').

He is probably better known, however, for being the third of film star Gloria Swanson's six husbands. They married on January 28, 1925, after meeting on the set of the Swanson film ''Madame Sans-Gêne'', on which La Falaise was working as a translator. They were officially divorced in November 1931, at which time Swanson was several months pregnant by Michael Farmer, an Irish sportsman who would become her fourth husband. (Thinking her divorce from La Falaise was already finalized, the actress had married Farmer in August, which was technically bigamy, and was forced to remarry him, legally, in November.) Swanson did conceive a child with La Falaise but had an abortion; it was an action she regretted, according to her autobiography, ''Swanson on Swanson''.

In November 1931, days after his divorce from Swanson was finalized, La Falaise married film actress Constance Bennett and with her founded Bennett Productions, a film company for which he directed ''Legong: Dance of the Virgin'' (the silent movie was the first color movie filmed in Bali) and ''Kliou the Killer'' (filmed in present-day Vietnam and the last film produced in two-tone Technicolor). Both were reviewed with praise by American newspapers and have attracted the attention of film scholars in recent years for their authentic depiction of tribal life, narrative drama, and understated style. La Falaise also produced and directed three films for RKO, which were filmed in French and English versions: ''Echec au roi (Royal Be)'', ''Le fils d'autre (The Woman Between)'', and ''Nuit d'Espagne (Transgression)''. The couple divorced in 1940.

The marquis married, as his third wife, Emmita Rodriguez de Roeder, a Colombian socialite. He had no children by any of his marriages.

The Marquis de La Falaise was awarded the Croix de Guerre for heroism during World War I and received another for bravery during World War II, while he was attached to the British 12th Royal Lancers. In 1943, he published "Through Hell to Dunkirk," a memoir of his war experiences.

He may also have written a film script for Gloria Swanson called ''Paris Luck'', a 1927 work that bore the name of Robert Bailly.

External links

Les gens du cinéma for birth certificate

Category:American film directors Category:French film directors Category:English-language film directors Category:French nobility Category:1898 births Category:1972 deaths Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)

fr:Henry de La Falaise sv:Henri de la Falaise

Name	La Falaise
Region	Île-de-France
Department	Yvelines
Arrondissement	Mantes-la-Jolie
Canton	Guerville
Insee	78230
Postal code	78410
Mayor	Maryse Di Bernardo
Term	2001–2008
Longitude	1.83194444444
Latitude	48.945
Elevation m	29
Elevation min m	17
Elevation max m	134
Area km2	3.00
Population	639
Population date	2006 }}

La Falaise is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France.

See also

Communes of the Yvelines department

References

INSEE

Category:Communes of Yvelines

ca:La Falaise ceb:La Falaise es:La Falaise eu:La Falaise fr:La Falaise it:La Falaise mg:La Falaise ms:La Falaise nl:La Falaise pl:Falaise (Yvelines) pt:La Falaise sr:Фалез (Ивлен) uk:Ла-Фалез vi:La Falaise vo:La Falaise war:La Falaise

Loulou de la Falaise (; born 1948) is a fashion muse and designer associated with Yves Saint-Laurent.

Her mother Maxime de la Falaise was a noted fashionista of her day and a model for Schiaparelli. Loulou therefore grew up in the world of high fashion. After a short-lived first marriage to the Desmond FitzGerald, 29th Knight of Glin, she moved to Paris and became the friend and creative partner of Yves Saint Laurent. According to ''The Independent'', she helped inspire his 1966 female tuxedo ''Le Smoking'' and his see-through blouses. The designer and his former muse collaborated until his death.

De la Falaise now runs Maison de Loulou, a Left Bank boutique in Paris.

Family

Born Louise Vava Lucia Henriette de la Falaise, she is the daughter of Count Alain de la Falaise, a French writer and translator, and his first wife, the former Maxime Birley, a model of the Fifties, then a cookbook author and a newspaper columnist. Her maternal grandfather was the portrait painter Sir Oswald Birley, and her uncle Mark Birley (1930–2007).

She has a brother, Alexis de la Falaise, an interior designer, who appeared in the Andy Warhol film ''Tub Girls''; Alexis has two children, both models. His daughter, Lucie de la Falaise (born 12 October 1970), also a model and actress, is married to Marlon Richards, the son of Rolling Stone Keith Richards and Anita Pallenberg. His son Daniel is also a model.

La Falaise's first husband was Desmond FitzGerald, the 29th Knight of Glin; they had no children. After their divorce, she married the artist Thadée Klossowski, a son of the painter Balthus, by whom she has a daughter, Anna.

A great-uncle was Henri de la Falaise, Marquis de La Falaise de La Coudraye (1898–1972), a film director and third husband of American actress Gloria Swanson. She is a distant cousin of French Olympic gold medallist in fencing Count Louis Venant Gabriel de la Falaise (1866–1910).

Notes

References

Fraser-Cavassoni, Natasha (2005). "Loulou's Back in Town" ''Mail on Sunday'' 7 March 2005. Retrieved 21 November 2007.. Loulou de la Falaise was muse to Yves Saint Laurent for three decades. Now she has her own eponymous collection and, with the opening of her second Parisian boutique, is firmly established as the queen of French chic.

Columbia, David Patrick (2007). "NEW YORKER MARK BIRLEY PASSES – The man who turned built-in-elegance into a centimillion dollar restaurant empire" . San Francisco Sentinel, 27 August 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.

Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:French fashion designers Category:French nobility Category:French people of English descent

fr:Loulou de la Falaise

name	Catherine Deneuve
birth name	Catherine Fabienne Dorléac
birth date	October 22, 1943
birth place	Paris, France
years active	1957–present
spouse	David Bailey (1965–72)
website	}}

Catherine Deneuve (, born 22 October 1943) is a French actress. She gained recognition for her portrayal of aloof and mysterious beauties in films such as ''Repulsion'' (1965) and ''Belle de jour'' (1967). Deneuve was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in 1993 for her performance in ''Indochine''; she also won César Awards for that film and ''The Last Metro'' (1980). Considered one of France's most successful actresses, she has also appeared in seven English-language films, most notably the 1983 cult classic ''The Hunger''. In 2008, she appeared in her 100th film, ''Un conte de Noël''.

Early life

Deneuve was born Catherine Fabienne Dorléac in occupied Paris, the third of four daughters, to French stage and screen actor Maurice Dorléac and actress Renée Deneuve. Deneuve attended Catholic schools. Her three sisters are actresses: Françoise Dorléac (who died in a car crash on 26 June 1967), Sylvie Dorléac and Danielle Dorléac.

Film career

As Catherine Dorléac, she made her film debut at age eleven in ''Les Collégiennes'' (1957), filmed in 1955 but not released until two years later. Deneuve subsequently began using her mother's surname professionally so she wouldn't be confused with her elder sister, Françoise Dorléac, who was using their father's name.

Deneuve then starred in films such as ''Vice and Virtue'' (1962), directed by Roger Vadim. The film that brought her stardom was Jacques Demy's 1963 musical ''Les Parapluies de Cherbourg.'' She made two more films with Demy , most notably another musical, ''Les Demoiselles de Rochefort'' (1967), with Dorléac – who was killed in a car accident the following year – as her twin sister. Further prominent films from this early time in her career included Roman Polanski's ''Repulsion'' (1965), Jean-Paul Rappeneau's ''La Vie de château'' (1966), which employed her 'underused comic skills', and Luis Buñuel's ''Belle de Jour'' (1967), – as the ' haut-bourgeois housewife who achieves sexual satisfaction working in a Parisian brothel.' In the Polanski film, Deneuve first portrayed the character archetype for which she would be nicknamed the "ice maiden", playing a beautiful Belgian girl, an emotionally distant and mysterious woman 'going homicidally insane in Kensington.' Her work for Buñuel would be her most famous, and her screen persona as "a cold, remote erotic object which dreams are made on" reached a peak, according to the critic Philip French, in her second Buñuel film ''Tristana'', (1970). Deneuve remained active in European films throughout the 1960s and 70s, but limited her appearances in American films of the period to ''The April Fools'' (1969) and ''Hustle'' (1975).

Shortly before his death in 1980, Alfred Hitchcock had planned to direct Deneuve in an adaptation of the spy novel ''The Short Night''. Her most notable films during the decade were François Truffaut's ''Le Dernier métro'' (1980), which garnered her the César Award for Best Actress, and Tony Scott's cult classic ''The Hunger'' (1983), her third American film in which she starred as a bisexual vampire, featuring David Bowie and Susan Sarandon. Deneuve's sex scene with Sarandon in ''The Hunger'' brought her a significant lesbian following.

Deneuve won a second Cesar Award and received an Academy Award nomination as Best Actress for her performance in ''Indochine'' (1992), which also won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. Deneuve is one of the distinct few to receive an Oscar nomination for a non-English speaking role. Her other significant films were André Téchiné's ''Ma saison préférée'' (1993) and ''Les Voleurs'' (1995). Deneuve auditioned for the role of Francesca in ''The Bridges of Madison County'' (1995), but lost out to Meryl Streep. In 1997, Deneuve was the protagonist in the music video for the song ''N'Oubliez Jamais'' sung by Joe Cocker. In 1998 she won acclaim and the Volpi Cup at the Venice Film Festival for her performance in ''Place Vendôme''. In 1999 Deneuve appeared in five films, including: ''Est-Ouest'', ''Le temps retrouvé'', and ''Pola X''. Her part in Lars von Trier's musical drama ''Dancer in the Dark'' (2000) alongside Icelandic singer Björk was subject to considerable critical scrutiny. The film was selected for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

Deneuve's fourth and most recent American film to date was ''The Musketeer'' (2001). She shared the Silver Bear Award for ''Best Ensemble Cast'' at the Berlin International Film Festival for her performance in ''8 Women'' (2002). In 2005, Deneuve published her diary ''A l'ombre de moi-meme'' ("In My Own Shadow", published in English as ''Close Up and Personal: The Private Diaries of Catherine Deneuve''); in it she writes about her experiences shooting the films ''Indochine'' and ''Dancer in the Dark''; and working with leading men such as Burt Reynolds, Jack Lemmon, Vincent Perez, William Hurt, John Malkovich, Alain Delon, Gerard Depardieu, and Marcello Mastroianni. In 2006, she headed the jury at the Venice Film Festival. She made another brief return to Hollywood with a guest-starring role on the FX TV series ''Nip/Tuck'' during its fourth season in November 2006. She also lent her voice to the Oscar-nominated animated feature ''Persepolis'' (2007). In 2008, she appeared in her 100th film, ''Un conte de Noël''. That same year she was honored at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival for her contributions to European cinema.

In 2010 Deneuve starred in the period comedy ''Potiche'' (2010). Her latest film is the musical ''Les Bien-aimés'' (2011) co-starring her real-life daughter Chiara Mastroianni. Although they share four previous acting credits, this is the first time Deneuve and Mastroianni have shared a scene together.

During an interview at the Cannes Film Festival with Ali Naderzad, Deneuve was asked which was her own favorite film. "I still say it was ''The Umbrellas of Cherbourg''. To do a film completely with music like an opera was an incredible experience. But to work with music all the time, it's such a lift, you know? It’s an opera, it’s very different."

Career outside of film

Modeling

One of the world's great beauties, her image was used to represent Marianne, the national symbol of France, from 1985 to 1989. She was the face of Chanel No. 5 in the late 1970s and she caused sales of the perfume to soar in the United States so much so that the American press, captivated by her charm, nominated her as the world's most elegant woman.

In 1983, American Home Products retained her to represent their cosmetics line. The company hired world-renowned photographer Richard Avedon and Catherine Deneuve to promote its line of ''Youth Garde'' cosmetics in which she famously proclaimed "Look closely. Next year I will be 40."

She is considered the muse of designer Yves Saint Laurent; he dressed her in the films ''Belle de Jour'', ''La Chamade'', ''La sirène du '', ''Liza'', and ''The Hunger''. In 1992, she became a model for his skincare line.

In 2001, she was chosen as the new face of L'Oréal Paris. In 2006, Deneuve became the third inspiration for the M•A•C Beauty Icon series. Deneuve and make-up artists collaborated on the colour collection that became available at M•A•C locations worldwide in February 2006. Deneuve began appearing in the new Louis Vuitton luggage advertisements in 2007.

Entrepreneurial

Deneuve introduced her own perfume, ''Deneuve'', in 1986. She is also a designer of glasses, shoes, jewelry and greeting cards.

Charities

Deneuve was appointed UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for the Safeguarding of Film Heritage in 1994. On 12 November 2003, she resigned her position to protest the nomination of French businessman Pierre Falcone as the Angola representative, which enables him to escape justice and investigation for illegal arms dealing.

Deneuve asked that the rights owed to her from her representation of Marianne be given to Amnesty International.

Louis Vuitton made a donation to The Climate Project, spearheaded by Al Gore, on behalf of Deneuve.

Deneuve is also involved with Children Action, Children of Africa, Orphelins Roumains and Reporters Without Borders.

Douleur sans frontiers (Pain Without Borders) – At the end of 2003, Deneuve recorded a radio commercial to encourage donations to fight against the pain in the world, notably for the victims of landmines.

Handicap International – In the middle of July 2005, Deneuve lent her voice to the message of radio commercials, TV and cinema, which denounced the use of the BASM (cluster bombs).

Voix de femmes pour la démocratie (Voice of women for democracy) – Deneuve read the text, "Le petit garçon," of Jean-Lou Dabadie, on the entitled CD, "Voix de femmes pour la démocratie." The CD was sold for the benefit of the female victims of the war and the fundamentalisms that fight for democracy.

Deneuve has also been involved with various charities in the fight against AIDS and cancer.

Political involvement

In 1972, Deneuve signed the Manifesto of the 343 (Manifeste des 343 salopes, Manifesto of the 343 bitches). The manifesto was an admission by its signers to have practiced illegal abortions and therefore exposed themselves to judicial actions and prison sentences. It was published in Le Nouvel Observateur on 5 April 1971. That same year, feminist lawyer Gisèle Halimi founded the group, Choisir (“To Choose”), to protect the women who had signed the Manifesto of the 343.

Deneuve is involved with Amnesty International's program to abolish the death penalty.

In 2001, Deneuve delivered a petition organized by the French-based group, "Together Against the death penalty," to the U.S. Embassy in Paris.

In April 2007, Deneuve signed a petition on the internet protesting the "misogynous" treatment of socialist presidential candidate Ségolène Royal. More than 8,000 French men and women signed the petition, including French actress Jeanne Moreau.

Personal life

Deneuve speaks fluent French, Italian, English and is semi-fluent in German. Her hobbies and passions include gardening, drawing, photography, reading, music, cinema, fashion, antiques and decoration.

In 1961, at age 17, Deneuve moved in with director Roger Vadim, who at 33 was nearly twice her age. They had a son, Christian (b. 18 June 1963), when Deneuve was 19 and Vadim was 35. The pair ended their relationship a month later.

Following her separation from Bailey, Deneuve had a relationship with actor Marcello Mastroianni, with whom she co-starred in four films. At age 28, Deneuve gave birth to her second child, daughter Chiara Mastroianni (b. 28 May 1972). and dated director Francois Truffaut in the late 1970s.

Deneuve has four grandchildren: Christian's son Igor and daughter Lou, and Chiara's son Milo and daughter Anna.

Deneuve is a longtime cigarette smoker and has expressed her frustration with the increasing bans on smoking. During a press conference held at a hotel in Madrid in March 2011, she was told to put out her cigarette and refused by saying she would pay the fine instead. “I think it is all very excessive,” Deneuve told reporters.

Filmography

'''' '''' ''Et satan conduit le bal'' '''' '''' ''Vacances portugaises'' '''' '''' '''' '''' '''' ''Repulsion'' '''' '''' '''' '''' '''' '''' ''Belle de Jour (film) ''Benjamin (film) '''' ''Manon 70'' ''Mayerling (1968 film) '''' '''' ''Tout peut arriver'' ''Tristana'' ''Peau d'Âne '' ''It Only Happens to Others '''' '''' '''' ''Don't Touch the White Woman! ''Fatti di gente perbene'' '''' ''Zig zig'' '''' '''' ''Hustle (1975 film) ''If I Had to Do It All Over Again ''Anima persa'' ''March or Die (film) ''Beach House (film) '''' ''Écoute voir '' ''Us Two (film) ''Ils sont grands, ces petits'' ''Courage fuyons'' '''' ''Je vous aime'' '''' ''Hôtel des Amériques '' '''' '''' '''' '''' ''Fort Saganne'' ''Paroles et musique'' ''Speriamo che sia femmina'' ''Scene of the Crime (1986 film) ''Agent trouble'' ''Fréquence meurtre'' ''A Strange Place to Meet '''' ''Indochine (film) ''My Favorite Season '''' '''' '''' '''' ''Court toujours: L'inconnu'' ''Généalogies d'un crime'' ''Sans titre'' ''Place Vendôme (film) '''' ''Belle maman'' ''Pola X'' '''' ''East/West ''Dancer in the Dark'' ''I'm Going Home (film) ''Absolument fabuleux'' '''' '''' ''8 Women ''Au plus près du paradis'' '''' '''' ''Princesse Marie'' ''Kings and Queen '''' ''Palais royal!'' '''' ''Nip/Tuck'' '''' ''Après lui'' ''Persepolis (film) ''Frühstück mit einer Unbekannten'' '''' ''Je veux voir'' ''Mes stars et moi'' '''' ''Cyprien'' ''Bancs publics (Versailles rive droite)'' ''Potiche'' ''L'homme qui voulait vivre sa vie'' ''The Beloved (2011 film)

Year			! Role	Notes
1957	''''	Une grande
1960	|	Catherine	(''Murder by Two'')
1960	|	Dany	(''The Door Slams'')
1962	|	Manuelle	(''And Satan Calls the Turns'')
1962	|	Sophie	(''Tales of Paris'')Segment: "Sophie"
1963	|	Justine Morand	(''Vice and Virtue'')
1963	|	Catherine	(''Portuguese Vacation'')
1964	|	Lori
1964	|	Geneviève Emery	(''The Umbrellas of Cherbourg'')
1964	|	Swindler	(''The World's Most Beautiful Swindlers'')Segment: "L'homme qui vendit la Tour Eiffel"
1964	|	Denise	(''Male Hunt'')
1964	|	Isabelle	(''Male Companion'')
1965	|	Carole Ledoux
1965	|		(''Wild Roots of Love'')
1965	|	Angela Claasen	(''The Daisy Chain'')
1965	|	Clara	(''Song of the World'')
1966	|	Marie	(''A Matter of Resistance'')
1966	|	Mylène	(''The Creatures'')
1967	|	Delphine Garnier	(''The Young Girls of Rochefort'')
1967	Belle de jour '' ||	Séverine Serizy	(''Beauty of the Day'')
1968	Benjamin'' ||	Anne
1968	|	Lucile	(''Heartbeat'')
1968	|	Manon
1968	Mayerling'' ||	Maria Vetsera
1969	|	Catherine Gunther
1969	|	Julie Roussel/Marion Vergano	(''Mississippi Mermaid'')
1969	|	Interviewee	(''Don't Be Blue'')
1970	|	Tristana
1970	|	La princesse/Peau d'âne	(''Donkey Skin'')
1971	Ça n'arrive qu'aux autres'' ||	Catherine	(''It Only Happens to Others'')
1972	|	Liza	(''Liza'')
1972	|	Cathy	(''A Cop'')
1973	|	Irène de Fontenoy	(''A Slightly Pregnant Man'')
1974	Touche pas à la femme blanche'' ||	Marie-Hélène de Boismonfrais	(''Don't Touch the White Woman!'')
1974	|	Linda Murri	(''Drama of the Rich'')
1974	|	Françoise LeRoi	(''The Woman with Red Boots'')
1975	|	Marie
1975	|	Sarah	(''Act of Aggression'')
1975	|	Nelly	(''Call Me Savage'')
1975	Hustle'' ||	Nicole Britton
1976	Si c'était à refaire'' ||	Catherine Berger	(''If I Had to Do It All Over Again'')
1977	|	Sofia Stolz	(''Lost Soul'')
1977	March or Die'' ||	Simone Picard
1977	Casotto'' ||	Donna del sogno	(''Beach House'')
1978	|	Cécile Rainier	(''Other People's Money'')
1979	|	Claude Alphand	(''See Here My Love'')
1979	À nous deux '' ||	Françoise	(''Us Two'')
1980	|	Louise Mouchin	(''When I Was a Kid, I Didn't Dare'')
1980	|	Eva	(''Courage – Let's Run'')
1980	|	Marion Steiner	(''The Last Metro'')
1980	|	Alice	(''I Love You All'')
1981	|	Nicole Durieux	(''Choice of Arms'')
1981	|	Hélène	(''Hotel America'')
1982	|	Claire	(''The Shock'')
1983	|	Charlotte	(''The African'')
1983	|	Miriam Blaylock
1984	|	Claire Després
1984	|	Louise
1985	|	Margaux	(''Love Songs'')
1986	|	Claudia	(''Let's Hope It's a Girl'')
1986	Le Lieu du crime'' ||	Lili Ravenel	(''Scene of the Crime'')
1987	|	Amanda Weber
1988	|	Jeanne Quester	(''Frequent Death'')
1989	Drôle d'endroit pour une rencontre'' ||	France	(''A Strange Place to Meet'')
1991	|	Liliane Ripoche	(''The White Queen'')
1992	Indochine '' ||	Eliane
1993	Ma saison préférée'' ||	Emilie	(''My Favorite Season'')
1994	|	Marquise	(''The Chess Game'')
1995	|	La star-fantasme	(''A Hundred and One Nights'')
1995	|	Hélène	(''The Convent'')
1996	|	Marie Leblanc	(''Thieves'')
1996	|	Marianne
1997	|	Jeanne/Solange	(''Genealogies of a Crime'')
1997	|	N/A
1998	Place Vendôme'' ||	Marianne Malivert
1999	|	Hélène	(''The Wind of the Night'')
1999	|	Léa	(''Beautiful Mother'')
1999	|	Marie
1999	|	Odette de Crecy	(''Time Regained'')
1999	Est-Ouest'' ||	Gabrielle Develay	(''East/West'')
2000	|	Kathy
2001	Je rentre à la maison '' ||	Marguerite	(''I'm Going Home'')
2001	|	Une spectatrice du défilé	(''Absolutely Fabulous'')
2001	|	The Queen
2001	|	La reine	(''Tom Thumb'')
2002	8 femmes'' ||	Gaby	(''8 Women'')
2002	|	Fanette	(''Nearest to Heaven'')
2003	|	Marquise Isabelle de Merteuil	(''The Dangerous Liaisons'')TV mini-series
2003	|	Delfina	(''A Talking Pictures'')
2004	|	Marie Bonaparte
2004	Rois et reine'' ||	Mme Vasset	(''Kings and Queen'')
2004	|	Cécile	(''Changing Times'')
2005	|	Eugénia
2006	|	Sybille Weber	(''The Stone Council'')
2006	|	Diana Lubey	TV series(One episode, first run 21 November 2006)
2006	|	Alice Mirmont	(''The Family Hero'')
2007	|	Camille	(''After Him'')
2007	Persepolis'' ||	Mrs. Satrapi, Marjane's mother	Voice
2007	|	Elegante Dame	(''Suddenly Gina'')
2008	|	Junon	(''A Christmas Tale'')
2008	|	Herself	(''I Want to See'')
2008	|	Solange Duvivier	(''My Stars'')
2009	|	Louise	(''The Girl on the Train'')
2009	|	Vivianne Wagner
2009	|	La cliente armoire
2010	|	Suzanne Pujol
2010	|	Anne
2011	The Beloved''>|Madeleine || (''Les Bien-aimés'')

Discography

1980 :

* ''Dieu fumeur de havanes'' – by and with Serge Gainsbourg (original film soundtrack ''Je vous aime'' by Claude Berri)

* ''Quand on s'aime'' – duet with Gérard Depardieu, for a television programme

1981 : Her first and only album issued – ''Souviens-toi de m'oublier'' written by Serge Gainsbourg

# Digital delay # Depression au-dessus du jardin # Epsilon # Monna Vanna et Miss Duncan # Marine bond tremolo # Ces petits riens (duet with Serge Gainsbourg) – original version performed by Gainsbourg and Juliette Gréco (1964) # Souviens-toi de m'oublier (duet with Serge Gainsbourg) # Overseas telegram # What tu dis qu'est-ce tu say # Oh Soliman # Alice helas

1993 : ''Paris Paris'' – by and with Malcolm McLaren

1997 : ''Allo maman bobo'' – by Alain Souchon, during an evening with Les Enfoirés in 1997 with Alain Souchon, Jean-Jacques Goldman and Laurent Voulzy

1999 : ''Joyeux anniversaire maman'' – by Stomy Bugsy (original film soundtrack ''Belle-maman'' by Gabriel Aghion)

2000 : ''Cvalda'' – by and with Björk (original film soundtrack ''Dancer in the dark'' by Lars von Trier)

2001 : ''Toi jamais'' – original film soundtrack ''Huit Femmes'' by François Ozon (original version performed by Sylvie Vartan en 1976)

2006 : ''Ho capito che ti amo'' – original film soundtrack ''Le héros de la famille'' by Thierry Klifa

2010 : ''C'est beau la vie'' by Jean Ferrat – original film soundtrack ''Potiche'' by François Ozon

Audiobooks for Éditions des Femmes :

* ''Cendrillon'' by Charles Perrault

* ''Bonjour tristesse'' by Françoise Sagan

* ''Les Petits Chevaux de Tarquinia'' by Marguerite Duras

* ''Les Paradis aveugles'' by Duong Thu Huong

* ''La Marquise d'O'' by Heinrich Von Kleist

* ''Lettres à un jeune poète'' by Rainer Maria Rilke

* ''Lettres à ma mère'' by Sylvia Plath

Awards and nominations

César Awards

style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Award	Film	Result
1981	Best Actress	Le dernier métro'' >
1993		Indochine (film)>Indochine''

style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Award	Film	Result
1976	Best Actress	Le Sauvage'' >
1982		''Hôtel des Amériques''
1988		''Agent Trouble''
1989		''Drôle d'endroit pour une rencontre''
1994		''Ma saison préférée''
1997		''Les Voleurs''
1999		Place Vendôme (film)>Place Vendôme''
2006	Best Supporting Actress
2011	Best Actress

Academy Awards

style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Award	Film	Result
1993	Best Actress	Indochine (film)>Indochine''

BAFTA Awards

style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Award	Film	Result
1967	Best Actress	Belle de jour (film)>Belle de jour''

Other Awards

Best Foreign Actress Women in Film Crystal AwardsSan Sebastián International Film FestivalMoscow International Film FestivalVenice Film FestivalArt Film FestivalBerlin International Film FestivalEuropean Film AwardsCannes Film FestivalBangkok International Film FestivalIstanbul International Film FestivalCannes Film Festival

style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Group	Award	Film	Result
1981	David di Donatello Awards	|	''Le Dernier métro''	Won
1993	|	International Award	N/A
1995	|	Donostia Lifetime Achievement Award	N/A
1997	|	Silver St. George	''Contribution to World Cinema''
1998	|	Volpi Cup, Best Actress	''Place Vendôme''
2000	|	Actor’s Mission Award	N/A
2002	|	Silver Berlin Bear	''8 Women'', shared with ensemble cast
2002	|	Best Actress	''8 Women'', shared with ensemble cast
2005	|	Palme d'Or d'honneur	N/A
2006	|	Golden Kinnaree Career Achievement Award	N/A
2006	|	Cinema Honarary Award	N/A
2008	|	Prix spécial du jury du 61	''Festival de Cannes Special Jury award with Clint Eastwood''

See also

Cinema of France

References

External links

Film.guardian.uk interview 21 September 2005

Catherine Deneuve at filmsdefrance.com

Catherine Deneuve seduces Susan Sarandon while playing Lakme on the piano in the famous lesbian scene from Tony Scott's 1983 film ''The Hunger''.

Category:Actors from Paris Category:European Film Awards winners (people) Category:Best Actress César Award winners Category:César Award winners Category:French film actors Category:French television actors Category:French Roman Catholics Category:1943 births Category:Living people

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Region	Western Philosophy
Era	19th century philosophy
Color	#B0C4DE
Name	Henry David Thoreau
Birth date	July 12, 1817
Birth place	Concord, Massachusetts
Death date	May 06, 1862
Death place	Concord, Massachusetts
School tradition	Transcendentalism
Main interests	Natural history, Unitarianism
Notable ideas	Abolitionism, tax resistance, development criticism, civil disobedience, conscientious objection, direct action, environmentalism, anarchism, simple living
Influences	Plotinus, Indian philosophy, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Virgil, Goethe, Thomas Carlyle
Influenced	Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., Leo Tolstoy, Marcel Proust, William Butler Yeats, Sinclair Lewis, John Zerzan, Ernest Hemingway, Upton Sinclair, Emma Goldman, Émile Armand, E. B. White, E. O. Wilson, B. F. Skinner, George Bernard Shaw, Christopher McCandless}}

Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book ''Walden'', a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay ''Civil Disobedience'', an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.

Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry total over 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions were his writings on natural history and philosophy, where he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern day environmentalism. His literary style interweaves close natural observation, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and "Yankee" love of practical detail. He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste and illusion in order to discover life's true essential needs.

He was a lifelong abolitionist, delivering lectures that attacked the Fugitive Slave Law while praising the writings of Wendell Phillips and defending abolitionist John Brown. Thoreau's philosophy of civil disobedience later influenced the political thoughts and actions of such notable figures as Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Thoreau is sometimes cited as an individualist anarchist. Though ''Civil Disobedience'' seems to call for improving rather than abolishing government – "I ask for, not at once no government, but ''at once'' a better government" – the direction of this improvement points toward anarchism: "'That government is best which governs not at all;' and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have." Richard Drinnon partly blames Thoreau for the ambiguity, noting that Thoreau's "sly satire, his liking for wide margins for his writing, and his fondness for paradox provided ammunition for widely divergent interpretations of 'Civil Disobedience.'"

Early life and education

He was born David Henry Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts, into the "modest New England family" of John Thoreau (a pencil maker) and Cynthia Dunbar. His paternal grandfather was of French origin and was born in Jersey. His maternal grandfather, Asa Dunbar, led Harvard's 1766 student "Butter Rebellion", the first recorded student protest in the Colonies. David Henry was named after a recently deceased paternal uncle, David Thoreau. He did not become "Henry David" until after college, although he never petitioned to make a legal name change. He had two older siblings, Helen and John Jr., and a younger sister, Sophia. Thoreau's birthplace still exists on Virginia Road in Concord and is currently the focus of preservation efforts. The house is original, but it now stands about 100 yards away from its first site.

Thoreau studied at Harvard University between 1833 and 1837. He lived in Hollis Hall and took courses in rhetoric, classics, philosophy, mathematics, and science. A legend proposes that Thoreau refused to pay the five-dollar fee for a Harvard diploma. In fact, the master's degree he declined to purchase had no academic merit: Harvard College offered it to graduates "who proved their physical worth by being alive three years after graduating, and their saving, earning, or inheriting quality or condition by having Five Dollars to give the college." His comment was: "Let every sheep keep its own skin", a reference to the tradition of diplomas being written on sheepskin vellum.

Name pronunciation and appearance

Amos Bronson Alcott and Thoreau's aunt each wrote that "Thoreau" is pronounced like the word "thorough". Although in current media (standard American English) this word rhymes with "furrow", Edward Emerson wrote that the name should be pronounced "Thó-row, the ''h'' sounded, and accent on the first syllable." This would in fact rhyme with "thorough" as pronounced in 19th century New England.

In appearance he was homely, with a nose that he called "my most prominent feature." Of his face, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: "[Thoreau] is as ugly as sin, long-nosed, queer-mouthed, and with uncouth and rustic, though courteous manners, corresponding very well with such an exterior. But his ugliness is of an honest and agreeable fashion, and becomes him much better than beauty." Thoreau also wore a neck-beard for many years, which he insisted many women found attractive. However, Louisa May Alcott mentioned to Ralph Waldo Emerson that Thoreau's facial hair "will most assuredly deflect amorous advances and preserve the man's virtue in perpetuity."

Return to Concord: 1837–1841

The traditional professions open to college graduates—law, the church, business, medicine—failed to interest Thoreau, so in 1835 he took a leave of absence from Harvard, during which he taught school in Canton, Massachusetts. After he graduated in 1837, he joined the faculty of the Concord public school, but resigned after a few weeks rather than administer corporal punishment. He and his brother John then opened a grammar school in Concord in 1838 called Concord Academy. They introduced several progressive concepts, including nature walks and visits to local shops and businesses. The school ended when John became fatally ill from tetanus in 1842 after cutting himself while shaving. He died in his brother Henry's arms.

Upon graduation Thoreau returned home to Concord, where he met Ralph Waldo Emerson through a mutual friend. Emerson took a paternal and at times patronizing interest in Thoreau, advising the young man and introducing him to a circle of local writers and thinkers, including Ellery Channing, Margaret Fuller, Bronson Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne and his son Julian Hawthorne, who was a boy at the time.

Emerson urged Thoreau to contribute essays and poems to a quarterly periodical, ''The Dial'', and Emerson lobbied editor Margaret Fuller to publish those writings. Thoreau's first essay published there was ''Aulus Persius Flaccus,'' an essay on the playwright of the same name, published in ''The Dial'' in July 1840. It consisted of revised passages from his journal, which he had begun keeping at Emerson's suggestion. The first journal entry on October 22, 1837, reads, "'What are you doing now?' he asked. 'Do you keep a journal?' So I make my first entry to-day."

Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition. In his early years he followed Transcendentalism, a loose and eclectic idealist philosophy advocated by Emerson, Fuller, and Alcott. They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious doctrine. In their view, Nature is the outward sign of inward spirit, expressing the "radical correspondence of visible things and human thoughts," as Emerson wrote in ''Nature'' (1836).

On April 18, 1841, Thoreau moved into the Emerson house. There, from 1841–1844, he served as the children's tutor, editorial assistant, and repair man/gardener. For a few months in 1843, he moved to the home of William Emerson on Staten Island, and tutored the family sons while seeking contacts among literary men and journalists in the city who might help publish his writings, including his future literary representative Horace Greeley.

Thoreau returned to Concord and worked in his family's pencil factory, which he continued to do for most of his adult life. He rediscovered the process to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite by using clay as the binder; this invention improved upon graphite found in New Hampshire and bought in 1821 by relative Charles Dunbar. (The process of mixing graphite and clay, known as the Conté process, was patented by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795). His other source had been Tantiusques, an Indian operated mine in Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Later, Thoreau converted the factory to produce plumbago (graphite), which was used to ink typesetting machines.

Once back in Concord, Thoreau went through a restless period. In April 1844 he and his friend Edward Hoar accidentally set a fire that consumed of Walden Woods. He spoke often of finding a farm to buy or lease, which he felt would give him a means to support himself while also providing enough solitude to write his first book.

Civil Disobedience and the Walden years: 1845–1849

Thoreau needed to concentrate and get himself working more on his writing. In March 1845, Ellery Channing told Thoreau, "Go out upon that, build yourself a hut, & there begin the grand process of devouring yourself alive. I see no other alternative, no other hope for you." Two months later, Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in simple living on July 4, 1845, when he moved to a small, self-built house on land owned by Emerson in a second-growth forest around the shores of Walden Pond. The house was in "a pretty pasture and woodlot" of that Emerson had bought, from his family home.

On July 24 or July 25, 1846, Thoreau ran into the local tax collector, Sam Staples, who asked him to pay six years of delinquent poll taxes. Thoreau refused because of his opposition to the Mexican-American War and slavery, and he spent a night in jail because of this refusal. (The next day Thoreau was freed, against his wishes, when his aunt paid his taxes.) The experience had a strong impact on Thoreau. In January and February 1848, he delivered lectures on "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government" explaining his tax resistance at the Concord Lyceum. Bronson Alcott attended the lecture, writing in his journal on January 26: :

Thoreau revised the lecture into an essay entitled ''Resistance to Civil Government'' (also known as ''Civil Disobedience''). In May 1849 it was published by Elizabeth Peabody in the ''Aesthetic Papers''. Thoreau had taken up a version of Percy Shelley's principle in the political poem ''The Mask of Anarchy'' (1819), that Shelley begins with the powerful images of the unjust forms of authority of his time – and then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action.

At Walden Pond, he completed a first draft of ''A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers'', an elegy to his brother, John, that described their 1839 trip to the White Mountains. Thoreau did not find a publisher for this book and instead printed 1,000 copies at his own expense, though fewer than 300 were sold. Thoreau self-published on the advice of Emerson, using Emerson's own publisher, Munroe, who did little to publicize the book.

In August 1846, Thoreau briefly left Walden to make a trip to Mount Katahdin in Maine, a journey later recorded in "Ktaadn," the first part of ''The Maine Woods''.

Thoreau left Walden Pond on September 6, 1847. At Emerson's request, he immediately moved back into the Emerson house to help Lidian manage the household while her husband was on an extended trip to Europe. Over several years, he worked to pay off his debts and also continuously revised his manuscript for what, in 1854, he would publish as ''Walden, or Life in the Woods'', recounting the two years, two months, and two days he had spent at Walden Pond. The book compresses that time into a single calendar year, using the passage of four seasons to symbolize human development. Part memoir and part spiritual quest, ''Walden'' at first won few admirers, but later critics have regarded it as a classic American work that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.

American poet Robert Frost wrote of Thoreau, "In one book ... he surpasses everything we have had in America."

John Updike wrote in 2004,

Thoreau moved out of Emerson's house in July 1848 and stayed at a home on Belknap Street nearby. In 1850, he and his family moved into a home at 255 Main Street; he stayed there until his death.

Later years: 1851–1862

In 1851, Thoreau became increasingly fascinated with natural history and travel/expedition narratives. He read avidly on botany and often wrote observations on this topic into his journal. He admired William Bartram, and Charles Darwin's ''Voyage of the Beagle''. He kept detailed observations on Concord's nature lore, recording everything from how the fruit ripened over time to the fluctuating depths of Walden Pond and the days certain birds migrated. The point of this task was to "anticipate" the seasons of nature, in his words.

He became a land surveyor and continued to write increasingly detailed natural history observations about the township in his journal, a two-million word document he kept for 24 years. He also kept a series of notebooks, and these observations became the source for Thoreau's late natural history writings, such as ''Autumnal Tints'', ''The Succession of Trees'', and ''Wild Apples'', an essay lamenting the destruction of indigenous and wild apple species.

Until the 1970s, literary critics dismissed Thoreau's late pursuits as amateur science and philosophy. With the rise of environmental history and ecocriticism, several new readings of this matter began to emerge, showing Thoreau to be both a philosopher and an analyst of ecological patterns in fields and woodlots. For instance, his late essay, "The Succession of Forest Trees," shows that he used experimentation and analysis to explain how forests regenerate after fire or human destruction, through dispersal by seed-bearing winds or animals.

He traveled to Quebec once, Cape Cod four times, and Maine three times; these landscapes inspired his "excursion" books, ''A Yankee in Canada'', ''Cape Cod'', and ''The Maine Woods'', in which travel itineraries frame his thoughts about geography, history and philosophy. Other travels took him southwest to Philadelphia and New York City in 1854, and west across the Great Lakes region in 1861, visiting Niagara Falls, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Mackinac Island. Although provincial in his physical travels, he was extraordinarily well-read and vicariously a world traveler. He obsessively devoured all the first-hand travel accounts available in his day, at a time when the last unmapped regions of the earth were being explored. He read Magellan and James Cook, the arctic explorers Franklin, Mackenzie and Parry, David Livingstone and Richard Francis Burton on Africa, Lewis and Clark; and hundreds of lesser-known works by explorers and literate travelers. Astonishing amounts of global reading fed his endless curiosity about the peoples, cultures, religions and natural history of the world, and left its traces as commentaries in his voluminous journals. He processed everything he read, in the local laboratory of his Concord experience. Among his famous aphorisms is his advice to "live at home like a traveler."

After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, many prominent voices in the abolitionist movement distanced themselves from Brown, or damned him with faint praise. Thoreau was disgusted by this, and he composed a speech—''A Plea for Captain John Brown''—which was uncompromising in its defense of Brown and his actions. Thoreau's speech proved persuasive: first the abolitionist movement began to accept Brown as a martyr, and by the time of the American Civil War entire armies of the North were literally singing Brown's praises. As a contemporary biographer of John Brown put it: "If, as Alfred Kazin suggests, without John Brown there would have been no Civil War, we would add that without the Concord Transcendentalists, John Brown would have had little cultural impact."

Death

Thoreau contracted tuberculosis in 1835 and suffered from it sporadically afterwards. In 1859, following a late night excursion to count the rings of tree stumps during a rain storm, he became ill with bronchitis. His health declined over three years with brief periods of remission, until he eventually became bedridden. Recognizing the terminal nature of his disease, Thoreau spent his last years revising and editing his unpublished works, particularly ''The Maine Woods'' and ''Excursions'', and petitioning publishers to print revised editions of ''A Week'' and ''Walden''. He also wrote letters and journal entries until he became too weak to continue. His friends were alarmed at his diminished appearance and were fascinated by his tranquil acceptance of death. When his aunt Louisa asked him in his last weeks if he had made his peace with God, Thoreau responded: "I did not know we had ever quarreled."

Aware he was dying, Thoreau's last words were "Now comes good sailing", followed by two lone words, "moose" and "Indian". He died on May 6, 1862 at age 44. Bronson Alcott planned the service and read selections from Thoreau's works, and Channing presented a hymn. Emerson wrote the eulogy spoken at his funeral. Originally buried in the Dunbar family plot, he and members of his immediate family were eventually moved to Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (N42° 27' 53.7" W71° 20' 33") in Concord, Massachusetts.

Thoreau's friend Ellery Channing published his first biography, ''Thoreau the Poet-Naturalist'', in 1873, and Channing and another friend Harrison Blake edited some poems, essays, and journal entries for posthumous publication in the 1890s. Thoreau's journals, which he often mined for his published works but which remained largely unpublished at his death, were first published in 1906 and helped to build his modern reputation. A new, expanded edition of the journals is underway, published by Princeton University Press. Today, Thoreau is regarded as one of the foremost American writers, both for the modern clarity of his prose style and the prescience of his views on nature and politics. His memory is honored by the international Thoreau Society.

Personal beliefs

Thoreau was an early advocate of recreational hiking and canoeing, of conserving natural resources on private land, and of preserving wilderness as public land. Thoreau was also one of the first American supporters of Darwin's theory of evolution. He was not a strict vegetarian, though he said he preferred that diet and advocated it as a means of self-improvement. He wrote in ''Walden'': "The practical objection to animal food in my case was its uncleanness; and besides, when I had caught and cleaned and cooked and eaten my fish, they seemed not to have fed me essentially. It was insignificant and unnecessary, and cost more than it came to. A little bread or a few potatoes would have done as well, with less trouble and filth." Thoreau neither rejected civilization nor fully embraced wilderness. Instead he sought a middle ground, the pastoral realm that integrates both nature and culture. His philosophy required that he be a didactic arbitration between the wilderness he based so much on and the spreading mass of North American humanity. He decried the latter endlessly but felt the teachers need to be close to those who needed to hear what he wanted to tell them. He was in many ways a 'visible saint', a point of contact with the wilds, even if the land he lived on had been given to him by Emerson and was far from cut-off. The wildness he enjoyed was the nearby swamp or forest, and he preferred "partially cultivated country." His idea of being "far in the recesses of the wilderness" of Maine was to "travel the logger's path and the Indian trail," but he also hiked on pristine untouched land. In the essay "Henry David Thoreau, Philosopher" Roderick Nash writes: "Thoreau left Concord in 1846 for the first of three trips to northern Maine. His expectations were high because he hoped to find genuine, primeval America. But contact with real wilderness in Maine affected him far differently than had the idea of wilderness in Concord. Instead of coming out of the woods with a deepened appreciation of the wilds, Thoreau felt a greater respect for civilization and realized the necessity of balance." On alcohol, Thoreau wrote: "I would fain keep sober always... I believe that water is the only drink for a wise man; wine is not so noble a liquor... Of all ebriosity, who does not prefer to be intoxicated by the air he breathes?"

Social and political influence

Thoreau's political writings had little impact during his lifetime, as "his contemporaries did not see him as a theorist or as a radical, viewing him instead as a naturalist. They either dismissed or ignored his political essays, including ''Civil Disobedience''. The only two complete books (as opposed to essays) published in his lifetime, ''Walden'' and ''A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers'' (1849), both dealt with nature, in which he loved to wander." Nevertheless, Thoreau's writings went on to influence many public figures. Political leaders and reformers like Mahatma Gandhi, President John F. Kennedy, civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, and Russian author Leo Tolstoy all spoke of being strongly affected by Thoreau's work, particularly ''Civil Disobedience'', as did "right-wing theorist Frank Chodorov [who] devoted an entire issue of his monthly, ''Analysis'', to an appreciation of Thoreau." Thoreau also influenced many artists and authors including Edward Abbey, Willa Cather, Marcel Proust, William Butler Yeats, Sinclair Lewis, Ernest Hemingway, Upton Sinclair, E. B. White, Lewis Mumford, Frank Lloyd Wright, Alexander Posey and Gustav Stickley. Thoreau also influenced naturalists like John Burroughs, John Muir, E. O. Wilson, Edwin Way Teale, Joseph Wood Krutch, B. F. Skinner, David Brower and Loren Eiseley, whom ''Publishers Weekly'' called "the modern Thoreau." English writer Henry Stephens Salt wrote a biography of Thoreau in 1890, which popularized Thoreau's ideas in Britain: George Bernard Shaw, Edward Carpenter and Robert Blatchford were among those who became Thoreau enthusiasts as a result of Salt's advocacy.

Mahatma Gandhi first read ''Walden'' in 1906 while working as a civil rights activist in Johannesburg, South Africa. He first read ''Civil Disobedience'' "while he sat in a South African prison for the crime of nonviolently protesting discrimination against the Indian population in the Transvaal. The essay galvanized Gandhi, who wrote and published a synopsis of Thoreau's argument, calling its 'incisive logic . . . unanswerable' and referring to Thoreau as 'one of the greatest and most moral men America has produced.'" He told American reporter Webb Miller, "[Thoreau's] ideas influenced me greatly. I adopted some of them and recommended the study of Thoreau to all of my friends who were helping me in the cause of Indian Independence. Why I actually took the name of my movement from Thoreau's essay 'On the Duty of Civil Disobedience,' written about 80 years ago."

Martin Luther King, Jr. noted in his autobiography that his first encounter with the idea of non-violent resistance was reading "On Civil Disobedience" in 1944 while attending Morehouse College. He wrote in his autobiography that it was

Here, in this courageous New Englander's refusal to pay his taxes and his choice of jail rather than support a war that would spread slavery's territory into Mexico, I made my first contact with the theory of nonviolent resistance. Fascinated by the idea of refusing to cooperate with an evil system, I was so deeply moved that I reread the work several times.

I became convinced that noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. No other person has been more eloquent and passionate in getting this idea across than Henry David Thoreau. As a result of his writings and personal witness, we are the heirs of a legacy of creative protest. The teachings of Thoreau came alive in our civil rights movement; indeed, they are more alive than ever before. Whether expressed in a sit-in at lunch counters, a freedom ride into Mississippi, a peaceful protest in Albany, Georgia, a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, these are outgrowths of Thoreau's insistence that evil must be resisted and that no moral man can patiently adjust to injustice.

American psychologist B. F. Skinner wrote that he carried a copy of Thoreau's ''Walden'' with him in his youth. and, in 1945, wrote ''Walden Two'', a fictional utopia about 1,000 members of a community living together inspired by the life of Thoreau. Thoreau and his fellow Transcendentalists from Concord were a major inspiration of the composer Charles Ives. The 4th movement of the Concord Sonata for piano (with a part for flute, Thoreau's instrument) is a character picture and he also set Thoreau's words.

Anarchism

Thoreau's ideas have impacted and resonated with various strains in the anarchist movement, with Emma Goldman referring to him as "the greatest American anarchist." Green anarchism and Anarcho-primitivism in particular have both derived inspiration and ecological points-of-view from the writings of Thoreau. John Zerzan included Thoreau's text "Excursions" (1863) in his edited compilation of works in the anarcho-primitivist tradition titled ''Against civilization: Readings and reflections''. Additionally, Murray Rothbard, the founder of anarcho-capitalism, has opined that Thoreau was one of the "great intellectual heroes" of his movement. Thoreau was also an important influence on late 19th century anarchist naturism. While globally, Thoreau's concepts also held importance within individualist anarchist circles in Spain, France, and Portugal.

Contemporary critics

Although his writings would later receive widespread acclaim, Thoreau's ideas were not universally applauded by some of his contemporaries in literary circles. Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson judged Thoreau's endorsement of living alone and apart from modern society in natural simplicity to be a mark of "unmanly" effeminacy and "womanish solitude", while deeming him a self-indulgent "skulker." Nathaniel Hawthorne was also critical of Thoreau, writing that he "repudiated all regular modes of getting a living, and seems inclined to lead a sort of Indian life among civilized men." In a similar vein, poet John Greenleaf Whittier detested what he deemed to be the "wicked" and "heathenish" message of ''Walden'', decreeing that Thoreau wanted man to "lower himself to the level of a woodchuck and walk on four legs."

In response to such criticisms, English novelist George Eliot, writing for the ''Westminster Review'', characterized such critics as uninspired and narrow-minded:

People—very wise in their own eyes—who would have every man's life ordered according to a particular pattern, and who are intolerant of every existence the utility of which is not palpable to them, may pooh-pooh Mr. Thoreau and this episode in his history, as unpractical and dreamy.

Works

''Aulus Persius Flaccus'' (1840) ''The Service'' (1840) ''A Walk to Wachusett'' (1842) ''Paradise (to be) Regained'' (1843) ''The Landlord'' (1843)

''Sir Walter Raleigh'' (1844)

''Herald of Freedom'' (1844) ''Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum'' (1845)

''Reform and the Reformers'' (1846–48)

''Thomas Carlyle and His Works'' (1847) ''A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers'' (1849) ''Resistance to Civil Government'', or ''Civil Disobedience'' (1849) ''An Excursion to Canada'' (1853) ''Slavery in Massachusetts'' (1854) ''Walden'' (1854) ''A Plea for Captain John Brown'' (1859) ''Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown'' (1859) ''The Last Days of John Brown'' (1860) ''Walking'' (1861) ''Autumnal Tints'' (1862) ''Wild Apples: The History of the Apple Tree'' (1862) ''Excursions'' (1863) ''Life Without Principle'' (1863) ''Night and Moonlight'' (1863)

''The Highland Light'' (1864)

''The Maine Woods'' (1864) ''Cape Cod'' (1865) ''Letters to Various Persons'' (1865) ''A Yankee in Canada, with Anti-Slavery and Reform Papers'' (1866)

''Early Spring in Massachusetts'' (1881)

''Summer'' (1884) ''Winter'' (1888) ''Autumn'' (1892) ''Miscellanies'' (1894) ''Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau'' (1894)

''Poems of Nature'' (1895)

''Some Unpublished Letters of Henry D. and Sophia E. Thoreau'' (1898)

''The First and Last Journeys of Thoreau'' (1905) ''Journal of Henry David Thoreau'' (1906) ''The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau'' edited by Walter Harding and Carl Bode (Washington Square: New York University Press, 1958)

See also

American philosophy

List of American philosophers

References

Further reading

Bode, Carl. ''Best of Thoreau's Journals''. Southern Illinois University Press. 1967

Botkin, Daniel. ''No Man's Garden''

Dean, Bradley P. ed., ''Letters to a Spiritual Seeker''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.

Harding, Walter. ''The Days of Henry Thoreau''. Princeton University Press, 1982

Hendrix, George. "The Influence of Thoreau's 'Civil Disobedience' on Gandhi's Satyagraha." ''The New England Quarterly''. 1956

Howarth, William. ''The Book of Concord: Thoreau's Life as a Writer''. Viking Press, 1982

Myerson, Joel et al. ''The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau''. Cambridge University Press. 1995

Nash, Roderick. ''Henry David Thoreau, Philosopher''

Parrington, Vernon. ''Main Current in American Thought''. V 2 online. 1927

Petroski, Henry. "H. D. Thoreau, Engineer." ''American Heritage of Invention and Technology'', Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 8–16

Richardson, Robert D. ''Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind''. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1986. ISBN 0-520-06346-5

Tauber, Alfred I. ''Henry David Thoreau and the Moral Agency of Knowing''. University of California, Berkeley. 2001. ISBN 0-520-23915-6

Thoreau, Henry David. ''Collected Essays and Poems''. Elizabeth Hall Witherell, editor, Library of America, 2001) ISBN 978-1-883011-95-6

_____. ''I to Myself: An Annotated Selection from the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau''. Jeffrey S. Cramer, editor, Yale University Press, 2007

_____. ''The Maine Woods: A Fully Annotated Edition''. Jeffrey S. Cramer, editor, Yale University Press, 2009

_____. ''Walden: A Fully Annotated Edition''. Jeffrey S. Cramer, editor, Yale University Press, 2004

_____. ''A Week, Walden, The Maine Woods, Cape Cod''. Robert F. Sayre, editor, Library of America, 1985 ISBN 0-940450-27-5

_____. ''The Price of Freedom: Excerpts from Thoreau's Journals'' ISBN 978-1-4348-0552-2

Walls, Laura Dassow. ''Seeing New Worlds: Henry David Thoreau and 19th Century Science''. University of Wisconsin. 1995. ISBN 0-299-14744-4

Ridl, Jack. "Moose. Indian." Scintilla (poem on Thoreau's last words)

Historical fiction

Brooks, Geraldine. ''March: A Love Story in a Time of War'' (2006)

External links

The Thoreau Society

The Thoreau Edition

The Thoreau Project

The Walden Woods Project by The Thoreau Institute

The Thoreau Farm Trust – His Birthplace

The Disarming Honesty of Henry David Thoreau, by Frank Chodorov

This Date From Henry David Thoreau's Journal

Who He Was & Why He Matters – by Randall Conrad

H D Thoreau – "a site for everything Thoreau"

Henry David Thoreau – by the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''

Henry Thoreau: Transcendental Economist by Vernon L. Parrington

FAQ with Answers about Thoreau

Emerson & Thoreau at C-SPAN's ''American Writers: A Journey Through History''

Texts

The Thoreau Reader by ''The Thoreau Society''

The Writings of Henry David Thoreau at ''The Walden Woods Project''

The Writings of Henry David Thoreau at ''Princeton University Press''

Political & Philosophical Excerpts from Thoreau's Journals

Reflections on a Child's Water Wheel – an Excerpt from Thoreau's 1848 Journal

Scans of Thoreau's Land Surveys at the Concord Free Public Library

Henry David Thoreau Online – The Works and Life of Henry D. Thoreau

Works by Thoreau at Open Library

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