- published: 11 Jan 2013
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A mineral is a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms. The study of minerals is called mineralogy.
To be classified as a true mineral, a substance must be a solid and have a crystalline structure. It must also be a naturally occurring, homogeneous substance with a defined chemical composition.
The International Mineralogical Association approved the following definition in 1995:
According to this definition and classification scheme, biogenic materials were excluded from the mineral kingdom:
However, other researchers do not adhere to this exclusion rule. Lowenstam (1981), for example, states the following:
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