The Blackshirts (Italian: camicie nere, CCNN, or squadristi) were Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II. Blackshirts were officially known as the Voluntary Militia for National Security (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, or MVSN).
The term was later applied to a similar group serving the British Union of Fascists before World War II, to the SS in Nazi Germany, and to members of a quasi-political organization in India.
Inspired by the military prowess and black uniforms of the Arditi, Italy's elite storm troops of World War I, the Fascist Blackshirts were organized by Benito Mussolini as the military arm of his Fascist political movement and a tool for violent Fascist Italianization of primarily ethnic Slovenes and Croats on ex-Austro-Hungarian territories given to Italy in exchange for joining Great Britain in World War I. Slovenes from the western part of contemporary Slovenia, who were subjected to Fascist Italianization since the Treaty of Rapallo, experienced Fascist brutality personified by the fate of Lojze Bratuž, a Slovene choirmaster who led several Slovene language church choirs, being tortured by Black Shirts, forced to drink petrol (and engine oil) because he resisted the italianization of Slovenian names and surnames by Fascist Italy, which begun as early as 1926. Already in 1920, they burnt the Slovene National Hall in Trieste.