The relationship between religion and science has been a subject of study since
Classical antiquity, addressed by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others.
Perspectives from different geographical regions, cultures and historical epochs are diverse, with some characterizing the relationship as one of conflict, others describing it as one of harmony, and others proposing little interaction.
Science acknowledges reason, empiricism, and evidence, while religions include revelation, faith and sacredness whilst also acknowledging Philosophical and Metaphysical explanations with regard to the study of the
Universe.
Despite these differences, most scientific and technical innovations prior to the
Scientific revolution were achieved by societies organized by religious traditions. Much of the scientific method was pioneered first by
Islamic scholars, and later by Christians. Hinduism has historically embraced reason and empiricism, holding that science brings legitimate, but incomplete knowledge of the world.
Confucian thought has held different views of science over time. Most Buddhists today view science as complementary to their beliefs.
Events in
Europe such as the
Galileo affair, associated with the Scientific revolution and the
Age of Enlightenment, led scholars such as
John William Draper to postulate a conflict thesis, holding that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically, factually and politically through history. This thesis is held by some contemporary scientists such as
Richard Dawkins,
Steven Weinberg and
Carl Sagan, and some creationists. While the conflict thesis remains popular for the public, it has lost favor among most contemporary historians of science and the majority of scientists in elite universities in the US do not hold a conflict view.
Many scientists, philosophers, and theologians throughout history have seen compatibility or independence between religion and science such as
Francisco Ayala,
Kenneth R. Miller and
Francis Collins . Biologist
Stephen Jay Gould, other scientists, and some contemporary theologians hold that religion and science are non-overlapping magisteria, addressing fundamentally separate forms of knowledge and aspects of life. Some theologians
or historians of science, including John Lennox,
Thomas Berry,
Brian Swimme and
Ken Wilber propose an interconnection between science and religion, while others such as
Ian Barbour believe there are even parallels.
Public acceptance of scientific facts may be influenced by religion; many in the
United States reject the idea of evolution by natural selection, especially regarding human beings.
Nevertheless, the
American National Academy of Sciences has written that "the evidence for evolution can be fully compatible with religious faith," a view officially endorsed by many religious denominations globally.
The concepts of "science" and "religion" are a recent invention: "religion" emerged in the
17th century in the midst of colonization and globalization, "science" emerged in the
19th century in the midst of attempts to narrowly define those who studied nature, and the phrase "religion and science" emerged in the 19th century due to the reification of both concepts. It was in the 19th century that the terms "Buddhism", "Hinduism", "Taoism", and "Confucianism" first emerged
. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological
Latin roots of both science (scientia) and religion (religio) were understood as inner qualities of the individual or virtues, never as doctrines, practices, or actual sources of knowledge.
It was in the 19th century that the concept of "science" received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist" among other technical fields and titles; institutions and communities were founded, and unprecedented applications to and interactions with other aspects of society and culture occurred. The term scientist was first coined by the naturalist-theologian
William Whewell in 1834 and it was applied to those who sought knowledge and understanding of nature. From the ancient world, starting with
Aristotle, to the 19th century, the term "natural philosophy" was the common term used to describe the practice of studying nature.
Isaac Newton's book
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), whose title translates to "
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", reflects the then-current use of the words "natural philosophy", akin to "systematic study of nature". Even in the 19th century, a treatise by
Lord Kelvin and
Peter Guthrie Tait's, which helped define much of modern physics, was titled
Treatise on Natural Philosophy (1867)'.
- published: 28 Jul 2015
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