A penalty in ice hockey is a punishment for inappropriate behavior. Most penalties are enforced by detaining the offending player within a penalty box for a set number of minutes, during which the player can not participate in play. The offending team usually may not replace the player on the ice, leaving them short handed as opposed to full strength. The opposing team is said to be on a power play, having one player more on the ice than the short-handed team. The short handed team is said to be "penalty killing" until the penalty expires and the penalized player returns to play. While standards vary somewhat between leagues, most leagues recognize several common degrees of penalty, as well as common infractions. The statistic used to track penalties was traditionally called "Penalty Infraction Minutes" (PIM), although the alternate term "Penalties in Minutes" has become common in recent years.[1]
The referee (top-left) signals a delayed penalty by raising an arm, and prepares to blow the whistle when a player from the team to be penalized (in white) gains control of the puck. Goaltender
Jere Myllyniemi can be seen (right) rushing to the bench to send on an extra attacker.
The first codified rules of hockey, known as the Halifax Rules, were brought to Montreal by James Creighton, who organized the first indoor hockey game in 1875.[2] Two years later, the Montreal Gazette documented the first set of "Montreal Rules", which noted that "charging from behind, tripping, collaring, kicking or shinning the ball shall not be allowed". The only penalty outlined by these rules was that play would be stopped, and a "bully" (faceoff) would take place.[3] Revised rules in 1886 mandated that any player in violation of these rules would be given two warnings, but on a third offence would be removed from the game.[4]
It was not until 1904 that players were ruled off the ice for infractions. At that time, a referee could assess a two, three or five minute penalty, depending on the severity of the foul. By 1914, all penalties were five minutes in length, reduced to three minutes two years later, and the offending player was given an additional fine. When the National Hockey League (NHL) was founded in 1917, it mandated that a team could not substitute for any player who was assessed a penalty, thus requiring them to play shorthanded for the duration. The penalty was shortened to two minutes for the 1921–22 season, while five and ten minute penalties were added two years later.[5]
Both the NHL and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) recognize the common penalty degrees of minor and major penalties, as well as the more severe misconduct, game misconduct, and match penalties.
|
Minor |
Major |
Misconduct |
Game Misconduct |
Match |
| Penalty Minutes |
2 |
5 |
10 |
0 |
5 |
| Short-handed? |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
| Ejection |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
| Ends with Goal Against? |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| Statistical Penalty Min NHL |
2 |
5 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
| Statistical Penalty Min IIHF |
2 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
25 |
A minor penalty is two-minutes in length. The offending player is sent to the penalty box and in most cases, their team will play shorthanded. If the offending player is the goaltender or a team is given a "bench minor" penalty (assessed against the team, rather than an individual player), then any skater who was on the ice at the time of the infraction will serve the penalty.[6] A team with a numerical advantage in players will go on a power play. If they score a goal during this time, the penalty will end and the offending player may return to the ice.[7] In hockey's formative years, teams were shorthanded for the entire length of a minor penalty. The NHL changed this rule following the 1955–56 season where the Montreal Canadiens frequently scored multiple goals on one power play. Most famous was a game on November 5, 1955, when Jean Béliveau scored three goals in 44 seconds, all on the same power play, in a 4–2 victory over the Boston Bruins.[5]
Coincidental minor penalties occur when an equal number of players from each team are given a minor penalty at the same time. The permission of a substitute player depends on the league and the situation at the time of the infractions. In some leagues, such as the NHL, the teams will play four-on-four for the duration of the penalties if they occurred when both teams were at even strength. However, if there is already a manpower differential, then both teams are allowed to make substitutions while the penalized players will remain in the penalty box until the first stoppage in play after their penalty expires.[8] In other competitions, such as IIHF events, coincidental penalties do not affect manpower in any situation.[9]
In some cases, a referee can impose a double minor penalty. The infraction is counted as two separate minor penalties. If a team scores a power play goal during the first two minutes of a double minor, the first penalty expires and the penalty clock is reset to two minutes. The power play then continues until either the second penalty time expires or a second goal is scored.[10]
A major penalty is a stronger degree of penalty for a more severe infraction of the rules than a minor. Most penalties which incur a major are more severe instances of minor penalty infractions; one exception is fighting, which always draws a major. A player who receives a major penalty will remain off the ice for five minutes of play during which his team will be short-handed. A major penalty will not end if a goal is scored against the short-handed team.
If major penalties are assessed to one player on each team at the same time, they may be substituted for, and teams will not be reduced by one player on the ice. They will remain in the penalty box until the first stoppage of play following the end of the penalties. This commonly occurs with majors for fighting.
Under IIHF rules, every major penalty carries an automatic game misconduct penalty; in other competitions, earning three major penalties in a game results in a game misconduct penalty, though a number of infractions that result in a major penalty automatically impose a game misconduct as well.
Infractions that often call for a major penalty include spearing, fighting, butt-ending, charging, and boarding.
A player who receives a misconduct penalty will remain off the ice for ten minutes. The player may be substituted for on the ice and may return to the ice at the first stoppage in play following the expiration of the penalty (unless other penalties were assessed); however, in practice, misconduct penalties are normally assessed along with two minute minor penalties (resulting in a penalty combination colloquially called a "two-and-ten") and another player will serve this penalty first. In the instances where a Misconduct penalty is called, it is usually to allow tempers to cool and are sometimes also awarded in conjunction with fighting majors, giving the offending player(s) the opportunity to calm down as they sit out their 10 minutes. If an additional penalty is incurred with a Misconduct penalty, the times run concurrently (at the same time) rather than consecutively.
A player (whether a skater, goaltender or any member of any teams coaching staff) who receives a game misconduct penalty is ejected, and is sent to the team's dressing room. The player may be immediately substituted for on the ice; however, in practice, game misconduct penalties are normally assessed along with five minute major penalties and another player will serve this penalty first. Regardless of the time of the penalty, the player is charged with ten penalty minutes (twenty in the IIHF rules) for statistical purposes. This rule also applies to match penalties (see below).
As enforced by Hockey Canada any player who commits three stick infractions (officially including high-sticking, cross-checking, slashing, butt-ending and spearing, although some leagues will include hooking and tripping) in one game will automatically receive a game misconduct and will be ejected for the remainder of the game.
Any player who is dismissed twice for stick-infractions, boarding or checking from behind, or dismissed three times for any reason, in a single NHL regular season incurs an automatic one-match ban, and further discipline is possible for subsequent ejections. For each subsequent game misconduct penalty, the automatic suspension shall be increased by one game. Salary lost as a result of a ban is usually donated to a league-supported charity or program to assist retired players.
An example of a game misconduct penalty is getting out of the penalty box before the penalty time is served.
A player who receives a match penalty is ejected. A match penalty is imposed for deliberately injuring another player, attempting to injure another player, head-butting opponents, or a goaltender going to the penalty box. Any player other than the goaltender must be chosen to go to the penalty box to serve a five minute major penalty during which he may not be substituted for on the ice. If the goaltender receives a match penalty, another player serves the time so that the team may immediately insert a backup. In most cases, offending players are suspended from the next game their team plays, and often face hearings with the possibility of a lengthier ban. In the NHL, a match penalty and a game misconduct are virtually identical in application. However, a match penalty carries a larger fine, and the offending player is suspended indefinitely until the Commissioner rules on the issue. [11].
In NCAA hockey, a similar penalty called a game disqualification results in automatic suspension for the number of games equal to the number of game disqualification penalties the player has been assessed in that season.
For statistical purposes, match penalty is counted as ten minutes in NHL and as twenty-five minutes per the IIHF rules.
A penalty shot is a special case of penalty for cases in which a scoring opportunity was lost as a result of an infraction (like being tripped or hooked while on a breakaway; or a player (other than the goaltender) covers the puck with their hand inside the crease). The player who was deprived of the opportunity, or one chosen by the team, is allowed an unchallenged opportunity to score on the opposing goaltender as compensation. If the infraction occurred when the penalized team has pulled their goalie, a goal is immediately awarded to the other team rather than a penalty shot.[12] Apart from their use as a penalty, penalty shots also form the shootout that is used to resolve ties in many leagues and tournaments.
Similar to a game misconduct, gross misconduct penalties have been eliminated from the NHL rulebook. It was imposed for an action of extreme unsportsmanlike conduct, such as abuse of officials or spectators, and could be assessed to any team official in addition to a player. Infractions which garnered a gross misconduct now earn a game misconduct. The penalty had last been assessed in 2006 on Winnipeg coach Bob Hartley due to post game comments made regarding referee Mick McGeough's blown call during a game versus Edmonton. The Phoenix's Shane Doan was the last player to be given a gross misconduct penalty in 2005 for alleged ethnic slurs directed at French-Canadian referees (later investigated and subsequently cleared by the NHL).
The referee(s) make most penalty calls. Linesmen generally may call only certain obvious technical infractions such as "too many players on the ice". When a penalty is called, the official will put an arm in the air; the official will stop play only once the offending team has control of the puck, or play is stopped by normal means. A delayed penalty is one in which the penalty is called but play is not yet stopped because the non-offending team retains the puck. The goaltender of the non-offending team will often go to the players' bench upon seeing the arm signal to allow an extra attacker on the ice until the play is stopped.
In the NHL, if the non-offending team scores a goal prior to play being stopped on a delayed minor penalty call, the penalty is waived. This used to be the case in college hockey as well, until the 2010-2011 season, when a rule change meant that the penalty would still be imposed even if a goal was scored. Major penalties and match penalties are enforced in the usual manner, in both college hockey and the NHL, whether or not a goal is scored.[13]
The offending player(s) are sent to the penalty box where they must remain until the penalty has expired. Typically a team will not be allowed to replace the penalized player on the ice; the player will return directly to the ice once the penalty has expired. This creates a power play during which the penalized team will have one player fewer than their opponent and is said to be "short-handed". If two players on a team are in the penalty box at the same time, their team will be in a "five on three" situation (as is customary, the goalies are not counted in this expression). Additional players may be penalized, but a team will never play with fewer than three skaters on the ice. Additional penalties will be delayed until one of the earlier penalties has expired.
In leagues which play with a four-on-four overtime, the first penalty leaves the teams at four-on-three, while a second penalty to the same team during the first results in the opposing team adding a player, making the penalty five-on-three. If the first penalty expires without a goal being scored, the teams normally play five-on-four until the next stoppage of play when the teams will revert back to four-on-three. Similarly, in the Southern Professional Hockey League, where they play three-on-three overtime, each minor penalty results in the opposing team adding a skater to the ice. In the final two minutes of overtime, however, officials instead award a penalty shot to the team which would have received the powerplay, mainly to give the team a better chance at winning the game, since a powerplay would be cut short by the end of the game.
While goaltenders can be assessed penalties, the penalty must be served by another player from their team who was on the ice at the time of the infraction (the PIM will be charged to the goaltender). If the goaltender receives either (a) three major penalties (NHL Rule 28.2), (b) one game misconduct penalty (NHL Rule 28.4), or (c) one match penalty (NHL Rule 28.5) however, he or she is ejected for the remainder of the game and must be substituted.
While a team is short-handed, they are permitted to ice the puck as they wish. Being shorthanded during the final minutes of a game in which the opponents take their goaltender out for an extra attacker affords the short-handed team the ability to shoot at the empty net without the penalty of icing if they miss.
When two players on one team are in the penalty box at the same time, it becomes a 5 on 3 situation. When a third player of the same team gets a penalty before either of the other two have expired, it remains 5 on 3 and it becomes a stacked penalties situation. This means that the third penalty will start when one of the others expire, whether the time expires or the opposing team scores on the powerplay. This is because there can be no fewer than three skaters for each team on the ice at one time. This also means that the player whose penalty expires first out of the three must wait for a stoppage in play before leaving the penalty box so that it remains 5 on 3. A team may never, under any circumstances, have less than four players (the goaltender and three other players) on the ice.
In the NHL, infractions that result in penalties include:
- Abuse of officials
- Arguing with, insulting, using obscene gestures or language directed at or in reference to, or deliberately making violent contact with any on or off-ice official. This generally is issued in addition to other penalties or as a bench penalty against a coach or off-ice player, and is grounds for ejection under a game misconduct or match penalty in most leagues including the NHL.
- Aggressor penalty
- Assessed to the player involved in a fight who was the more aggressive during the fight. This is independent of the instigator penalty, but both are usually not assessed to the same player (in that case the player's penalty for fighting is usually escalated to deliberate injury of opponents, which carries a match penalty).
- Attempt to injure
- Deliberately trying to harm an opponent (successfully or not). This type of infraction carries an automatic match penalty.
- Biting
- Carries a major penalty.
- Boarding
- Pushing an opponent violently into the boards while the player is facing the boards.
- Butt-ending (or Stabbing)
- Jabbing an opponent with the end of the shaft of the stick. It carries an automatic major penalty and sometimes a game misconduct.
- Broken Stick
- Engaging in play while holding a broken stick.
- Charging
- Taking more than three strides or jumping before hitting an opponent.
- Checking from behind
- Hitting an opponent from behind is a penalty. It carries an automatic minor penalty and misconduct, or a major penalty and game misconduct if it results in injury. See checking. This is generally allowed in the NHL, as long as the player is not violently thrown into the boards, or if the player's head is not specifically targeted.
- Illegal check to the head
- As of the start of the 2010-11 NHL season, any form of "lateral or blind side hit to an opponent, where the player's head is targeted and/or the principal point of contact" is punishable with a combination five-minute major penalty and game misconduct,[14] due to the increasing concern following concussion injuries to NHL players following incidents such as David Booth and Marc Savard's concussions in the 2009-10 NHL season. A second incident of this type caused by the same player in a season (or post-season playoffs) results in an automatic suspension for the following game their team plays, with the potential for increasing durations of suspension from active play, for any subsequent checks to opposing players' head areas.
- Clipping
- Delivering a check below the knees of an opponent. If injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result.
- Cross-checking
- Hitting an opponent with the stick when it is held with two hands and no part of the stick is on the ice.
- Delay of game
- Stalling the game (for example, shooting the puck out of play, holding the puck in the hand, refusing to send players out for a faceoff, or even repeated deliberate offsides). As part of the rule changes following the 2004–05 NHL lockout, NHL officials also call an automatic delay of game penalty to goaltenders that go into the corners behind the goal line (outside a trapezoid-shaped area just behind the net) to play the puck. Some delay of game offenses, such as taking too long to send players to take a faceoff, are not punished with a penalty: instead, the official may choose to eject the center of the offending team from the face-off circle and order him replaced with another player already on the ice.
- Diving (or "embellishment")
- Falling to the ice in an attempt to draw a penalty.
- Elbowing
- Hitting an opponent with the elbow.
- Eye-gouging
- Carries a major penalty and often a match penalty.
- Fighting (Fisticuffs)
- Engaging in a physical altercation with an opposing player, usually involving the throwing of punches with gloves removed or worse. Minor altercations such as simple pushing and shoving, and punching with gloves still in place, are generally called as Roughing.
- Goaltender Interference
- Physically impeding or checking the goalie. Visually impeding the goalie's view of the play with your body, called "screening", is legal. At NO time may a Goaltender be hit or checked.
- Goaltender Leaving Crease
- A goaltender may not leave the vicinity of his crease during an altercation. Once he has left the crease during an altercation, he may be given a penalty.[15]
- Head-butting
- Hitting an opponent with the head. A match penalty is called for doing so.
A referee signals a penalty for high sticking
- High-sticking
- Touching an opponent with the stick above shoulder level.[16] A minor penalty is assessed to the player. If blood is drawn, a double-minor (4 minutes) is usually called. A common (yet false) belief is that blood drawn automatically warrants a double-minor. There is no such rule; this is, however, the precedent that has been in place for years. Referees may use their discretion to assess only a minor penalty even though blood was drawn. They may also assess a double-minor when blood is not drawn, but he believes that the player was sufficiently injured or that the offending player used excessively reckless action with his stick. If a player, while in the action of "following through" on a shot, strikes an opposing player in the head or face area with his stick, high sticking is not called unless the referee can determine that the player taking the shot was deliberately aiming to strike the opposing player. A penalty is also not called when the puck is hit by a high stick, but play will be stopped and the ensuing faceoff will take place at a spot which gives the non-offending team an advantage. Also, a goal that is scored by means of hitting the puck with a stick above the height of the crossbar will not be counted, except if the goaltender is credited with his own goal, but an opponent scored against his own team.[17]
- Holding
- Grabbing an opponent's body, equipment or clothing with the hands or stick. Generally a minor; USA Hockey rules call for a major and a game misconduct for grabbing and holding a facemask or visor.
- Holding the stick
- Grabbing and holding an opponent's stick, also called when a player deliberately wrenches a stick from the hands of an opposing player or forces the opponent to drop it by any means that is not any other penalty such as Slashing.
- Hooking
- Using a stick as a hook to slow an opponent, no contact is required under new standards.
- Illegal Equipment
- Using equipment that does not meet regulations, either by size (length, width) or number (two sticks) or other guidelines (e.g. a goalie's facemask can no longer be the "Jason"-style form-fit mask, a skater may not have a stick with a curve exceeding 3/4" (19 mm), nor may they play with a goalie's stick. A goalie may play with a regular player's stick.). If a player (non-goalie) broke a stick, it is mandatory to drop the stick immediately and play without it until getting a replacement from the bench. Otherwise this penalty will be assessed to the offending player (some game summaries call this "playing with a broken stick"). In addition, in the NHL a player may not pick a broken stick up off the ground after it has been dropped (they can only receive a stick from another player or from the bench; goalkeepers may not go to the bench but must have a stick carried out to them). This rule is generally not enforced in amateur leagues except for broken sticks or egregiously out-of-spec equipment as the cost of acquiring gear that meets NHL specifications "post-lockout" is prohibitive, especially for goalies. However, from 2009 onwards USA Hockey will enforce the NHL goal equipment specs, as will IIHF.[dated info] While allowing "big pads" until then, USA Hockey stated in their 2007 Official Rules and Casebook of Ice Hockey that they "strongly encourage" goaltenders to follow the new regulations before they take effect.
- Instigator penalty
- Being the obvious instigator in a fight. Called in addition to the five minute major for fighting.
- Interference
- Impeding an opponent who does not have the puck, or impeding any player from the bench.
- Joining a fight
- Also called the "3rd man in" rule, the first person who was not part of a fight when it broke out but participates in said fight once it has started for any reason (even to pull the players apart) is charged with an automatic game misconduct in addition to any other penalties they receive for fighting.
- Kicking
- Kicking an opponent with the skate or skate blade. Kicking carries a match penalty if done with intent to injure, but otherwise carries a major penalty and a game misconduct. (Under Hockey Canada rules, kicking or attempting to kick an opponent always carries a Match Penalty regardless of intent.)
- Kneeing
- Hitting an opponent with the knee.
- Leaving the Penalty Bench
- A penalized player who leaves the penalty bench before his penalty has expired, whether play is in progress or not, shall incur an additional minor penalty after serving his unexpired penalty. Any player who, having entered the penalty bench, leaves the penalty bench prior to the expiration of his penalty for the purpose of challenging an official’s ruling, shall be assessed a game misconduct penalty. He shall also be automatically suspended for the next three (3) regular League and/or playoff games of his Club.
- Participating in the play beyond the center red line (goalkeeper)
- A rare penalty, carries a minor penalty and is only assessed against the goalie.
- Playing with Too Many Sticks
- When a player plays with more than one stick. For example, if a goalie were to lose his stick and a player from his team skates over to pick up the goalie stick and then, while skating back to the goalie with both sticks, attempts to touch a live puck with either stick, will be called for Playing with Too Many Sticks.
- Roughing
- Pushing and shoving after the whistle has been blown or checking an opponent with the hands in his face. Also called in non-checking leagues when an illegal body check is made.
- Secondary Altercation
- This infraction is not listed in the NHL Rulebook, but it is prevalent in the Central Hockey League (USA) and other minor leagues. It is most commonly issued when players engage in or attempt to engage in fight after the original fight (between two separate players). This infraction carries an automatic game misconduct penalty.
- Slashing
- Swinging a stick at an opponent, no contact is required under new standards.
- Slew Footing
- Rarely called, as it is easily concealed. Tripping an opponent by using your feet. Most of the time simply called as "Tripping"; Slew footing as a penalty in fact does not exist in the USA Hockey rulebook as of 2005-2006[update].
- Spearing
- Stabbing an opponent with the stick blade. It carries an automatic major penalty and game misconduct.
- Starting the wrong lineup
- This very rare bench minor penalty is called when the offending team fails to put the starting lineup on the ice at the beginning of each period, the exception being injuries. For this penalty to be called, the captain of the non-offending team must bring this breach of the rules to the referee's attention immediately at the first stoppage of play. Also the penalty may be given if a player is not put on the scoresheet at the beginning of the game and plays. The only way for this to be called is if the official scorer notifies the referee of this oversight.
- Substitution infraction (Illegal Substitution)
- This rare bench minor penalty is called when a substitution or addition is attempted during a stoppage of play after the linesmen have signalled no more substitutions (once the face-off is set) or if a team pulls its goalie and then attempts to have the goalie re-enter play at any time other than during a stoppage of play. Too many men on the ice and/or starting the wrong lineup can also simply be called a substitution infraction.
- Throwing the Stick/Throwing Stick/Throwing Equipment
- Often accompanied by a penalty shot. If any player on the ice who throws his stick or any part thereof or any other object (i.e. equipment) in the direction of the puck or an opponent in any zone, except when such act has been penalized by the assessment of a penalty shot or the awarding of a goal then a minor penalty will be assessed. Should any player, Coach, or non-playing person on the players’ bench or penalty bench throw anything on the ice during the progress of the game or during a stoppage of play, a bench minor penalty unsportsmanlike conduct shall be assessed. Can be upgraded to game misconduct or match penalty depending on severity.
- Too many men on the ice
- Having more than the allowable number of players (six, including the goalie, if not already short handed) on the ice involved in the play at any given time. "Involved in the play" is key; players that are entering the ice as substitutes for players coming off (line changing) may enter the ice once the player returning to the bench is less than five (5) feet from his team's bench (Rule 74.1); at that point the returning player is considered out of the play, even if the play passes in front of the bench, unless he actively makes a move for the puck. Players entering the ice are part of the play as soon as their skates touch the ice.
- Tripping
- Using a stick or one's body to trip an opponent, no contact is required under new standards.
- Unsportsmanlike conduct
- Arguing with a referee; using slurs against an opponent or teammate; playing with illegal equipment; making obscene gestures or abusing an official. Can carry either a minor, misconduct, game misconduct or match penalty, depending on the gravity of the infraction (for instance, using obscene language to a referee initially results in a minor, but making an obscene gesture to an opponent, fan or official carries a game misconduct.) Also, in some leagues the penalty progression is different for players and team officials (for example, in the USA Hockey rulebook players get a minor for their first infraction, a misconduct for their second and a game misconduct for their third, whereas the option of a misconduct is removed for coaches; in addition, after each penalty for a team official, the penalty count resets itself). Unsportsmanlike conduct may also be called if a player drops gloves and stick in preparation for a fight, but the non-offending player does not drop the corresponding equipment and has committed no action (verbal or physical harassment) to attempt to instigate a fight. Since 2008, the NHL has ruled that standing in front of an opposing goalie and engaging "in actions such as waving his arms or stick in front of the goaltender's face, for the purpose of improperly interfering with and/or distracting the goaltender" will draw a minor unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, a rule interpretation inspired by the play of Sean Avery against Martin Brodeur.
- Boarding
- Charging
- Clipping
- Closing hand on puck
- Cross-checking
- Diving
- Delay of game
- Elbowing
- Goalkeeper interference
- High-sticking
- Holding
- Holding the stick
- Hooking
- Illegal equipment
- Illegal stick
- Instigator
- Interference
- Kneeing
- Leaving penalty bench too early
- Leaving the crease (goalkeeper)
- Participating in the play beyond the center red line (goalkeeper)
- Roughing
- Slashing
- Throwing puck towards opponent’s goal (goalkeeper)
- Throwing stick
- Tripping
- Unsportsmanlike conduct
- Abuse of officials
- Delay of game
- Deliberate illegal substitution
- Face-off violation
- Illegal substitution
- Improper starting line-up
- Interference from players’ or penalty bench
- Interference with an official
- Leaving bench at end of period
- Refusing to start play
- Stepping onto ice during period (Coach)
- Throwing objects onto ice
- Too many men on the ice
- Unsportsmanlike conduct
- Unsustained request for measurement
- Boarding
- Butt-ending
- Charging
- Checking from behind
- Clipping
- Cross-checking
- Elbowing
- Fighting
- Head-butting
- Hooking
- Illegal Check to the Head
- Interference
- Kneeing
- Slashing
- Spearing
- Banging boards with stick in protest of an official’s ruling
- Continuing or attempting to continue a fight
- Deliberately breaking stick or refusing to surrender stick for measurement
- Deliberately throwing any equipment (including stick) out of playing area
- Entering or remaining in the referee’s crease
- Fighting off the playing surface (or with another player who is off the playing surface)
- Inciting an opponent
- Instigating a fight
- Interfering or distracting opponent taking a penalty shot
- Knocking or shooting puck out of reach of an official
- Leaving bench to speak to official
- Refusing to change non-regulation piece of protective equipment (second violation)
- Use of profane or abusive language
- Verbal abuse of an official
- Continues or attempts to continue a fight
- Fighting off the playing surface or with an opponent who is off the playing surface
- First or second player to leave the players’ bench during or to start an altercation
- First to intervene in an altercation (third man in)
- Interferes with a game official in the performance of their duties
- Leaving the penalty bench during an altercation
- Obscene gestures
- Persists to challenge or dispute an official’s ruling
- Physically abuses an official
- Player who has been ordered to the dressing room but returns to the bench or the ice
- Player who deliberately attempts to injure a Manager, Coach or other non-playing Club personnel in any manner
- Certain major penalties, generally stick infractions
- Attempt to injure (in any manner)
- Biting
- Boarding
- Butt-ending*
- Charging
- Checking from behind
- Clipping
- Cross-checking
- Deliberate injury (in any manner)
- Elbowing
- Goalkeeper who uses his blocking glove to the head or face of an opponent*
- Grabbing of the face mask
- Hair pulling
- Head-butting*
- High-sticking
- Illegal Check to the Head
- Kicking a player
- Kneeing
- Punching and injuring an unsuspecting opponent*
- Slashing
- Slew-footing
- Spearing*
- Throwing stick or any object
- Wearing tape on hands in altercation*
- *Infraction must have match penalty assessed if injury results
Other leagues typically assess penalties for additional infractions. For example, most adult social leagues and women's hockey leagues ban all body checking (a penalty for roughing or illegal check is called), and in most amateur leagues, any head contact whatsoever results in a penalty. If a player pulls down another female's ponytail, they will be charged with a game misconduct penalty.
Coaches or players may occasionally opt to commit an infraction on purpose. In some cases, it is hoped that the infraction can be concealed from the officials, avoiding a penalty. Gordie Howe was one player renowned for his ability to commit infractions without being called.
Hockey players that opt to commit an infraction despite the punishment do so in order to degrade the opposing team's morale or momentum, or boost their own. This is most common with fighting, because the likely coincidental penalties do not result in a hindrance for their team. Hockey players also sometimes commit infractions with the hope of drawing the other player into committing a retaliatory infraction, and being penalized, while not being caught themselves. Hockey players known as "pests" specialize their game in the strategy of trying to draw opponents into taking a penalty. An example is Sean Avery, who is renowned in his ability to goad opponents into taking penalties as well as making other fundamental mistakes. Some players, coaches, and fans find this technique unsportsmanlike.
It is also not uncommon to see players "dive" or make a borderline hit appear to be a penalty by embellishing or exaggerating their reaction to it; this, however, is a penalty in itself, although it is inconsistently enforced.
Another common reason to commit an infraction is as last resort when an opposing player has a scoring opportunity, when a penalty kill is the preferable alternative to the scoring opportunity. These are referred to on most broadcasts as "Good Penalties".
The NHL keeps individual statistics on the penalties each player accrues through the penalties in minutes statistic (abbreviated "PIM"). Players renowned for their fighting or for being dirty players will usually lead their team in PIM and have such statistics highlighted by the media.
The record for the most penalty minutes in one season is held by Dave Schultz of the Philadelphia Flyers with 472 in the 1974–75 NHL season.[18] The record for most penalty minutes in a career is held by Tiger Williams who had 3,966 over 14 years.[19] The active penalty minute leader is Sean O'Donnell from the Chicago Blackhawks, who has accumulated 1,727 PIM. O'Donnell is now playing in his 16th NHL season. Ian Laperrière has more penalty minutes (1,956 PIM), but Laperriere has been placed on long-term injured reserve and therefore is not active.[20][21]
The most penalties in a single game occurred in a fight-filled match between the Ottawa Senators and Philadelphia Flyers on March 5, 2004 when 419 penalty minutes were handed out.[22][23] Statistically, a game misconduct counts as 10 penalty minutes, in addition to other penalties handed out. In rare cases (as a result of multiple infractions, for instance the player participating in multiple fights), multiple game misconducts may be handed to a player — that is merely statistical, not (automatically) a multi-game suspension, although the league will often suspend the player in a subsequent decision.[original research?]
On 9 January 2010, a massive brawl broke out in an Avangard Omsk game against Vityaz Chekhov. The conflict started during pre-game warm-ups when Darcy Verot intentionally shot a puck at Lasse Kukkonen forcing Alexander Svitov to stand up for his team-mate. Soon after the game started Brandon Sugden challenged Svitov to another fight, which then involved all other 8 skaters on the ice. A number of other fights ensued resulting in a bench- and penalty-box clearing. The officials had to suspend the game just after 3 minutes 39 seconds in the first period as there were only four players left to play the game.[24] A world record total of 707 penalty minutes were incurred during the game. The KHL imposed heavy fines on both teams, some players and the head coaches as well as disqualifying 6 Vityaz's players and Avangard's Dmitry Vlasenkov, who was first to leave the bench during a fight. The game was counted as a 5-0 defeat for both teams with no points being awarded.[25][26]
- Footnotes
- ^ NHL.com - The National Hockey League Web Site
- ^ McKinley, 2006, p. 7
- ^ McKinley, 2006, p. 8
- ^ "New rules for the regulation of the game". Montreal Gazette: p. 8. 1886-01-08. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IEIhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S30FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6824%2C5239342. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ^ a b Duplacey, 1996, pp. 56–57
- ^ Rule 501 – Minor Penalty, IIHF, 2010, pp. 57–59
- ^ Rule 16 – Minor Penalties, NHL, 2011, p. 26
- ^ Rule 19 – Coincidental Minor Penalties, NHL, 2011, p. 28
- ^ Rule 512 – Coincidental Penalties, IIHF, 2010, p. 63
- ^ Rule 18 – Double Minor Penalties, NHL, 2011, p. 27
- ^ NHL Rules - Rule 21 - Match Penalties
- ^ Rule 25 – Awarded Goals, Official NHL rules
- ^ "Rule 15 - Calling of Penalties". National Hockey League. http://www.nhl.com/ice/page.htm?id=26291. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
- ^ Rule 48 – Illegal Check to the Head, Official Rules, NHL.com
- ^ Rule 27 - Goalkeeper's Penalties, Official Rules, NHL.com
- ^ "Rule 60 - High-sticking". National Hockey League. http://www.nhl.com/ice/page.htm?id=26352. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
- ^ "Rule 80 - High-sticking the Puck". National Hockey League. http://www.nhl.com/ice/page.htm?id=26493. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
- ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey=00002ALLSAHAll&sort=penaltyMinutes&viewName=careerLeadersSingleSeason
- ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey=00002ALLSAHAll&sort=penaltyMinutes&viewName=careerLeadersAllSeasons
- ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey=00002ALLSAHAll&sort=penaltyMinutes&viewName=careerLeadersAllSeasons
- ^ http://flyers.nhl.com/club/roster.htm?type=roster
- ^ http://flyers.nhl.com/club/boxscore.htm?id=2003021001
- ^ http://flyers.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id=2003021001
- ^ "KHL hands out fines, suspensions for brawl". Yahoo! Sports. 2010-01-10. http://sports.yahoo.com/nhl/blog/puck_daddy/post/KHL-hands-out-fines-suspensions-for-brawl-Jagr?urn=nhl-212683.
- ^ "KHL game suspended at 3:39". IIHF. 2010-01-10. http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/khl-game-suspended-at-339.html.
- ^ "Both teams lose". KHL. 2010-01-10. http://en.khl.ru/news/2010/1/10/23771.html.
- General
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Ice hockey penalties
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| Types of penalties |
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| Infractions |
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