- published: 24 Sep 2012
- views: 1939
In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or copulae) is a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement), such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue." The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things.
A copula is often a verb or a verb-like word, though this is not universally the case. A verb that is a copula is sometimes called a copulative or copular verb. In English primary education grammar courses, a copula is often called a linking verb. In other languages, copulas show more resemblances to pronouns, as in Classical Chinese and Guarani, or may take the form of suffixes attached to a noun, as in Beja, Ket, and Inuit languages.
Most languages have one main copula, although some (such as Spanish, Portuguese and Thai) have more than one, and some have none. In the case of English, this is the verb to be. While the term copula is generally used to refer to such principal forms, it may also be used to refer to some other verbs with similar functions, like become, get, feel and seem in English (these may also be called "semi-copulas" or "pseudo-copulas").
A mini-lecture on teaching ELLs the BE verb (the copula and & auxiliary verb) and Subjcect-Verb Agreement
References: Aitchison, J. (2012). The Human Word Store. In J. Aitchison, Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon (p. 352). Wiley-Blackwell. Bender, M. (2000). Syntactic Variation and Linguistic Competence: The Case of AAVE Copula Absence. The University of Stanford Press. USA. Carrió-Pastor, M. L., & Alonso-Almeida, F. (2014). English as a Second Language: Variations and Pedagogical Implications. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 377-381. Cluter, C. (1999). Yorkville Crossing: White Teens, Hip Hop, and African American English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 15. Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores. Washington: Center of Applied Linguistics. Paoletti, I. (2011). Sociolinguistics. Retrieved from Sociopedia.I...
58-Daily Japanese Expression -Do I look fat in this cake? 58-One Japanese Expression a Day 2012年1月26日 (JapaneseforMorons) ----- I've been asked about female speech. Click this link for a great lesson on just that topic! http://tinyurl.com/2cdwzyh ----- Thanks always, Tomoko! Song made for this channel by the very talented: http://youtube.com/MrErikLundgren Check him out! ----- Our language blog is awesome! Seriously! http://maggiesensei.com ------------ NOTES! -------------------- The vocabulary: -------------------- これ kore = this を wo = indicates what the verb will act on (usually follows the subject) 食べる taberu = eat と to = if (follows any verb) 太る futoru = to get fat かな kana = I wonder if -------------------- The complete expression: これを食べると太るかな。 Kore wo taberu to futoru kana. = ...
54-Daily Japanese Expression - What do you want to drink? 54-One Japanese Expression a Day 2012年1月22日 (JapaneseforMorons) ----- Thanks always, Tomoko! Song made for this channel by the very talented: http://youtube.com/MrErikLundgren Check him out! ----- Our language blog is awesome! Seriously! http://maggiesensei.com ------------ NOTES! -------------------- The vocabulary: -------------------- 何 nani = what を wo = indicates what the verb will act on 飲む nomu = drink 飲みたい nomitai = want to drink です desu = similar but not equal to "be" in English. Often used at the end of a sentence. A Japanese copula (です), or word used to grammatically link a subject and predicate. See "Copula (linguistics)#Japanese" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#Japanese か ka = added to DESU it tur...
56-Daily Japanese Expression - Let's toast! 56-One Japanese Expression a Day 2012年1月24日 (JapaneseforMorons) ----- Thanks always, Tomoko! Song made for this channel by the very talented: http://youtube.com/MrErikLundgren Check him out! ----- Our language blog is awesome! Seriously! http://maggiesensei.com ------------ NOTES! -------------------- The vocabulary: -------------------- 乾杯 kanpai = a toast 乾杯する kanpaisuru = to toast しましょう shimashō = let's A Japanese copula (です), or word used to grammatically link a subject and predicate. See "Copula (linguistics)#Japanese" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#Japanese か ka = added to DESU it turns a sentence into a question ---------------------- The complete expression: 乾杯しましょう。Kanpai shimashō.=Let's...
47-Daily Japanese Expression - 46-One Japanese Expression a Day 2012年1月15日 (JapaneseforMorons) ----- Thanks always, Tomoko! Song made for this channel by the very talented: http://youtube.com/MrErikLundgren Check him out! ----- Our language blog is awesome! Seriously! http://maggiesensei.com ------------ NOTES! -------------------- The vocabulary: -------------------- 眠い nemui = sleepy すごく(凄く) sugoku = very です desu = similar but not equal to "be" in English. Often used at the end of a sentence. か ka = added to the end of a sentence to make it a question ---------------------- A Japanese copula (です), or word used to grammatically link a subject and predicate. See "Copula (linguistics)#Japanese" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#Japanese ------------------- The whole ex...
46-Daily Japanese Expression -Sleepy X 2! 46-One Japanese Expression a Day 2012年1月15日 (JapaneseforMorons) ----- Thanks always, Tomoko! Song made for this channel by the very talented: http://youtube.com/MrErikLundgren Check him out! ----- Our language blog is awesome! Seriously! http://maggiesensei.com ------------ NOTES! -------------------- The vocabulary: -------------------- Both adjectives 眠い nemui & 眠たい nemutai = sleepy 眠い nemui is much more common. です desu = similar but not equal to "be" in English. Often used at the end of a sentence. A Japanese copula (です), or word used to grammatically link a subject and predicate. See "Copula (linguistics)#Japanese" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#Japanese ------------------- The whole expression: 眠いです。Nemui desu.=I'm sle...
61-Daily Japanese Expression - I'm full! 61-One Japanese Expression a Day 2012年1月29日 (JapaneseforMorons) ----- I've been asked about female speech. Click this link for a great lesson on just that topic! http://tinyurl.com/2cdwzyh ----- Thanks always, Tomoko! Song made for this channel by the very talented: http://youtube.com/MrErikLundgren Check him out! ----- Our language blog is awesome! Seriously! http://maggiesensei.com ------------ NOTES! -------------------- The vocabulary: -------------------- お腹 onaka = stomach (note the honorable "o" making it a bit more polite) が ga = subject/topic marker いっぱい ippai = full です desu = see below -------------------- The complete expression: お腹がいっぱいです。= Onaka ga ippai desu. = I am full. (Literally: Belly is full. --------...
30-One Japanese Expression a Day - HOW'VE YOU BEEN? 30-One Japanese Expression a Day 2011年12月30日 (JapaneseforMorons) ----- Thanks always, Tomoko! Song made for this channel by the very talented: http://youtube.com/yetanothersongwriter Check him out! ----- Our language blog is awesome! Seriously! http://maggiesensei.com ------------ NOTES! -------------------- 最近 saikin = recently は wa = subject marker Why is は pronounced as WA and not HA here? See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pauc1_JmOaY どう dō = how です desu = similar but not equal to "be" in English. Often used at the end of a sentence. A Japanese copula (です), or word used to grammatically link a subject and predicate. See "Copula (linguistics)#Japanese" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#Japanese か? ka? = added t...
John:
Yep, too clean
??? Voice:
And here we go, here we go
John:
Alright, guys, we got one chance. once chance, folks, do do this.
This is our chance to shine, and let's put it to rhyme,
and let's put it to the mind,
and let's put it to the test. God Bless
so here we go, check it-
You know, uh, we are steppin to the party, the place to be
OK, the crowd is packed, and people lookin at we
like the mic's on the stand, Speedy, you know what to do
stepped on stage, hey you
Speedy:
Yo, greetings earthlings, i'm on a search for a team of elohim
fiends seen (indistinguishable mumbling)
and i recite for, as I recite for Heavenly riches
plus to spread the Gospel
and poison ivy when it itches
which is wrote in Acts 1:8
never debate when i'm quotin the omnipotent
never promotin tooth decay by way of teeth nashin'
mics i'm clashin like the classic flights of Ben Franklin's kites
lightnings bolts of light strike men
that they might see my good works, then
Glorify He who rolls from earth to Heaven
yo, i think it's evident, Christ takes residence
in hearts of benevolence
when God is speaking, yo we give Him reverence
we can wash and rinse in fragrance (aw, i messed it up)
John: Fragrance, ah, that's cool that's cool
Speedy: Fragrance, ya like that? ah, that's ok, that's ok.
what you think it is?
John: But it's a Freestyle, I like that.
place to be, the place to be, the place to be
because we step into the party the place to be
ok the crowd is packed and people lookin at we
Like the mic's on the stand, and Transcend know what to do,
Alan know what to do, hey you hey you
Um, i said it before, Transcend five-foot-four
walkin in, steppin in through Todd Collins' door
in the studio rockin from here to beat next to Monday
Tuesday kid, we might chill on Sunday,
but Saturday we're eatin Grits in the morning at Shoney's
Transcend rockin it, but not for the money
Truly the skill, bustin it at will
like i said it before, send me the bill
for hip-hop is the one I truly love,
God is truly above rockin,
keepin it cool to the end of the -- Ahhh!
John: Step into the party, the place to be
ok the crowd is packed and people lookin at we
Like the mic's on the stand and
?????? Voice: John Reuben know what to do!
BG ??? Voice: Reuben you know what to do!
John: right right right I know to do
and what they want me to do is come through
and have a little fun
John Reuben a little bit lanky
a little six-foot-one
havin' a good time everytime without a care
look at me i got crazy fluffy little jewish hair
because i'm a jewish kid, call me the messianic
everytime i grab the microphone it's lyrics like Tonic
'cuz you take it in, and then you want a little more
what step through the door, hardcore metaphor,
not speakin' when i'm tweakin'
yo these whack emcees they be reakin
but let's not talk about the whack,
let's talk about myself for a minute
so get in it
John Reuben about to spin it
for the crowd to go infinite times, infinite rhymes
infinite line after line, from the top of the mind,
each and every tile, style, pile, file (indistinguishable mumbling)
step into the party the place to be
ok the crowd is packed and people lookin at we
like the mic's on the stand,
and y'all know what to do, so we stepped on staaaage
???? Voice: and what happened?
John: On stage, and the mic was on.
the mic was on. the mic was on
so i turned the microphone on and i said a little somethin'
a little somethin'
i said turned the microphone on and we said a little somethin'
it was the place to be, in the space to be,
too much energy and nothin can we do wastefully
because creativity runs through my B-O-D-Y
Don't ask questions, i'm just stressin,
then God Blessin' and addressin' the
(indistinguishable mumbling)
alright peeps, we're outta here
??? Voice: Beautiful
??? Voice: Aw, Cue!