Ancient Mysteries of
The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at
Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC on behalf of
King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion
Demotic script, and the lowest
Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of
Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Although it is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby
Sais, the stone was probably moved during the early
Christian or medieval period and was eventually used as building material in the construction of
Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (
Rosetta) in the
Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in 1799 by a soldier,
Pierre-François Bouchard, of the
Napoleonic expedition to
Egypt. As the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, the
Rosetta Stone aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this hitherto untranslated ancient language. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among
European museums and scholars.
Meanwhile,
British troops defeated the
French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into
British possession under
the Capitulation of Alexandria.
Transported to
London, it has been on public display at the
British Museum since 1802. It is the most-visited object in the British Museum.
Study of the decree was already under way as the first full translation of the
Greek text appeared in 1803. It was 20 years, however, before the transliteration of the
Egyptian scripts was announced by
Jean-François Champollion in
Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently.
Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (
Thomas Young,
1814); and that, in addition to being used for foreign names, phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (
Champollion, 1822–1824).
Ever since its rediscovery, the stone has been the focus of nationalist rivalries, including its transfer from French to British possession during the
Napoleonic Wars, a long-running dispute over the relative value
of Young and Champollion's contributions to the decipherment, and since
2003, demands for the stone's return to Egypt.-Wikipedia
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- published: 19 Dec 2014
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