- published: 22 Mar 2016
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A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions. Although most textbooks are only published in printed format, many are now available as online electronic books and increasingly, although illegally, in scanned format in P2P networks.
The ancient Greeks wrote texts intended for education. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press. Johannes Gutenberg himself may have printed editions of Ars Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids (e.g., alphabet books), as well as individuals who taught themselves.
The Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 B.C.) lamented the loss of knowledge because the media of transmission were changing.[citation needed] Before the invention of the Greek alphabet 2,500 years ago, knowledge and stories were recited aloud, much like Homer's epic poems.
Swanand Kirkire (born 1970) is an Indian lyricist, playback singer, writer, also a television serial writer, assistant director, dialogue writer, both in television and Hindi films.
Kirkire won the National Film Award for Best Lyrics twice. First in 2007 for the song "Bande Me Tha Dum...Vande Mataram" from the 2006 film, Lage Raho Munna Bhai, second time in 2009, for the song "Behti Hawaa Sa Tha Woh..." from the film 3 Idiots. He also received Filmfare Award nomination for Best Lyrics for the song "Piyu Bole" in Parineeta (2005).
Swanand Kirkire was born and brought up at Rambagh in Indore-based Marathi speaking family to Chintamani (father) and Neelambari (mother), both of who are classical singers. However he has no formal training in singing.
He moved to Delhi after doing his graduation in commerce. In 1996, Swanand graduated from National School of Drama and started doing theatre
The first try came with direction when Swanand wrote and directed a play on freedom fighter Bhagat Singh in New Delhi. During his theatre days, he learnt that Manju Singh, a television serial producer, was looking for a writer for his serial Swaraj, also on Bhagat Singh. He went to Mumbai, and had an apartment in Warden Road. When the serial ended, he gave up his apartment and settled down in Goregaon, a Mumbai suburb.