- published: 19 Jun 2014
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The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in the Horn of Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt. They are named after the Biblical character Cush, who was identified as an ancestor of the speakers of these specific languages as early as AD 947 (in Masudi's Arabic history Meadows of Gold). The most populous Cushitic language is Oromo with about 35 million speakers, followed by Somali with about 18 million speakers, and Sidamo in Ethiopia with about 2 million speakers. Other languages with more than one million speakers are Hadia (1.6 million), Kambata (1.4 million), and Afar (1.5 million).
There are eight clearly valid groups of languages which are or have been included in the Cushitic family, and there is a wide range of opinions as to how they are interrelated.
The Beja language, or North Cushitic, is sometimes placed outside Cushitic proper, though there is no evidence that the rest of Cushitic forms a valid group.
The positions of the small Dullay languages and Yaaku are uncertain. These have traditionally been assigned to an East Cushitic branch along with Highland (Sidamic) and Lowland East Cushitic. However, Richard Hayward believes East Cushitic may not be a valid node and breaks it into three well-supported families: Highlands, a diverse Lowlands family (with Afar, Somalic, and Oromic branches), and Dullay (he apparently leaves Yaaku unclassified), which he believes should be considered separately when attempting to work out the internal relationships of Cushitic.
The Expansion of Afroasiatic Languages II
Rendille / Randile: The Rendille Language (East Cushitic)
Somalia: Afar our cushitic cousins
Hadiya / Hadya / Hadiyya / Adea / Adiya / Gudeila / ኃዲያ : The Hadiya Language (East Cushitic)
Hadiya / Hadya / Hadiyya / Adea / Adiya / Gudeila / ኃዲያ : The Hadiya Language (East Cushitic)
Gedeo / Darassa / Derasanya / Deresa / Geddeo / ዴራሳነያ : The Gedeo Language (East Cushitic)
Awngi / አወነጊ / 'Awŋi: The Awngi Language (Central Cushitic)
Saho / Sao / Shaho / Shoho / Shiho / ساهو / ሳሖ : The Saho Language (East Cushitic)
Iraqw / Erokh / Iraku / Iraqu / Kiiraqw / Mbulu / Mbulunge: The Iraqw Language (South Cushitic)
Iraqw / Erokh / Iraku / Iraqu / Kiiraqw / Mbulu / Mbulunge: The Iraqw Language (South Cushitic)
Libido / Marako / Maraqo / ሊቢዶ : The Libido Language (East Cushitic)
Awngi / አወነጊ / 'Awŋi: Awngi Language (Central Cushitic)
Daasanach / Galuba / Merile / Reshiat: The Daasanach Language (East Cushitic)
Gorowa / Fiome / Goroa / Gorwaa / Ufromi: The Gorowa Language (South Cushitic)