- published: 29 Nov 2014
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Protestantism is one of the major groupings within Christianity. It has been defined as "any of several church denominations denying the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the Reformation principles of justification by faith alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the primacy of the Bible as the only source of revealed truth" and, more broadly, to mean Christianity outside "of a Catholic or Eastern church". It is a movement that began in Germany in the early 16th century as a reaction against medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices, especially in regards to salvation, justification, and ecclesiology. The doctrines of the over 33,000 Protestant denominations vary, but most include the Ten Commandments, justification by grace through faith alone, known as Sola Gratia and Sola Fide respectively, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the supreme authority in matters of faith and morals, known as Sola Scriptura, Latin for "by scripture alone".
In the 16th century, the followers of Martin Luther established the evangelical (Lutheran) churches of Germany and Scandinavia. Reformed churches in Hungary, Scotland, Switzerland and France were established by John Calvin and other reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli. In addition, John Knox established a Calvinist communion in the Church of Scotland and also the Reformed Church in Hungary. The Church of England became independent of papal authority and influenced by some Reformation principles. There were also reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation which gave rise to the Anabaptist, Moravian, and other pietistic movements.
Martin Luther (help·info) (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German monk, priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.
Luther taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with Luther's teachings are called Lutherans.
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Genres: Drama,Actors: Daniela Torchia (actress), Jose Paz (actor), William Echeverri (actor), Lendon LeMelle (actor), Pablo Time Nuñez (actor), Felipe Borges (actor), Felipe Borges (miscellaneous crew), Olia Voronkova (actress), Tony Cicola (actor), Tiffany Tynes (actress), Coco Cook (miscellaneous crew), Jovi Sicajau (producer), Jovi Sicajau (director), Jovi Sicajau (writer), Jovi Sicajau (editor),
Genres: Drama,Actors: Daniela Torchia (actress), Jose Paz (actor), William Echeverri (actor), Lendon LeMelle (actor), Pablo Time Nuñez (actor), Felipe Borges (actor), Felipe Borges (miscellaneous crew), Olia Voronkova (actress), Tony Cicola (actor), Tiffany Tynes (actress), Coco Cook (miscellaneous crew), Jovi Sicajau (producer), Jovi Sicajau (director), Jovi Sicajau (writer), Jovi Sicajau (editor),
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Genres: Drama,Actors: Daniela Torchia (actress), Jose Paz (actor), William Echeverri (actor), Lendon LeMelle (actor), Pablo Time Nuñez (actor), Felipe Borges (actor), Felipe Borges (miscellaneous crew), Olia Voronkova (actress), Tony Cicola (actor), Tiffany Tynes (actress), Coco Cook (miscellaneous crew), Jovi Sicajau (producer), Jovi Sicajau (director), Jovi Sicajau (writer), Jovi Sicajau (editor),
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