Look up Respiratory rate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Respiratory rate (V_f, R_f or RR) is also known by respiration rate, pulmonary ventilation rate, ventilation rate, or breathing frequency is the number of breaths taken within a set amount of time, typically 60 seconds. A normal respiratory rate is termed eupnea, an increased respiratory rate is termed tachypnea and a lower than normal respiratory rate is termed bradypnea.

Measurement[link]

Human respiration rate is measured when a person is at rest and involves counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions. When checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any difficulty breathing.

Inaccuracies in respiratory measurement have been reported in the literature. One study compared respiratory rate counted using a 90 second count period, to a full minute, and found significant differences in the rates.^{[citation needed]} Another study found that rapid respiratory rates in babies, counted using a stethoscope, were 60–80% higher than those counted from beside the cot without the aid of the stethoscope.^{[citation needed]} Similar results are seen with animals when they are being handled and not being handled—the invasiveness of touch apparently is enough to make significant changes in breathing.

Normal range[link]

Average respiratory rate reported in a healthy adult at rest is usually given as 12-18 breaths per minute (V_f) ^[1][2] but estimates do vary between sources, e.g., 12–20 breaths per minute, 10–14,^[3] between 16–18,^[4] etc. With such a slow rate, more accurate readings are obtained by counting the number of breaths over a full minute.

By Age[link]

Average Respiratory Rates (V_f) By Age:

• Newborns: 30-40 breaths per minute
• Less Than 1 Year: 30-40 breaths per minute
• 1-3 Years: 23-35 breaths per minute
• 3-6 Years: 20-30 breaths per minute
• 6-12 Years: 18-26 breaths per minute
• 12-17 Years: 12-20 breaths per minute
• Adults Over 18: 8–20 breaths per minute.

Minute volume[link]

Respiratory minute volume is the volume of air which can be inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs in one minute.

Diagnostic value[link]

The value of respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory dysfunction has been investigated but findings suggest it is of limited value.

One study found that only 33% of people presenting to an emergency department with an oxygen saturation below 90% had an increased respiratory rate.^{[citation needed]} An evaluation of respiratory rate for the differentiation of the severity of illness in babies under 6 months found it not to be very useful. Approximately half of the babies had a respiratory rate above 50 breaths per minute, thereby questioning the value of having a "cut-off" at 50 breaths per minute as the indicator of serious respiratory illness.

It has also been reported that factors such as crying, sleeping, agitation and age have a significant influence on the respiratory rate.^{[citation needed]} As a result of these and similar studies the value of respiratory rate as an indicator of serious illness is limited.

Abnormal respiratory rates[link]

• Apnea
• Dyspnea
• Hyperpnea
• Tachypnea
• Hypopnea
• Bradypnea
• Orthopnea
• Platypnea
• Biot's respiration
• Cheyne-Stokes respiration
• Kussmaul breathing

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010)

Solar Fields
Solar Fields
Background information
Origin	Gothenburg, Sweden
Genres	IDM Ambient Psybient Psytrance Downtempo
Years active	2001 - present
Labels	Ultimae Records
Associated acts	H.U.V.A Network
Website	http://www.solarfields.com/
Members
Magnus Birgersson

Solar Fields is the stage name of Swedish electronic music artist Magnus Birgersson. He has released eleven albums, and has also scored all interactive in-game music for the Electronic Arts game Mirror's Edge.^[1] His eleventh album, Random Friday, was available for pre-order and was released on the 28^th of April, 2012. ^[2]

History[link]

Magnus Birgersson was involved in many projects as a teenager, playing drums, various percussion, piano, and keyboards for several bands before launching his own Solar Fields project in 2001 with the album Reflective Frequencies.^[3]

His music has been described as electronic ambient, atmospheric, deep, ecstatic, industrial, yet organic.

In 2007 he began composing the in-game score for Mirror's Edge, a first-person action adventure game by Electronic Arts and DICE, released worldwide on 14 November 2008.

The album "Movements" is used as soundtrack for the Indie game Capsized from the small Canadian studio Alientrap in 2011.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 2001: Reflective Frequencies
• 2003: Blue Moon Station
• 2005: Leaving Home
• 2005: Extended
• 2007: EarthShine
• 2009: Movements
• 2009: Mirror's Edge (original game score)
• 2010: Altered - Second Movements
• 2010: Origin #01
• 2011: Until We Meet the Sky
• 2012: Random Friday

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website. Accessed November 4, 2008
• Solar Fields on Facebook
• Myspace page
• Solar Fields discography at MusicBrainz
• Solar Fields' discography on Discogs
• Solar Fields on Last.fm
• Solar Fields interview on Music4Games concerning Mirror's Edge in-score

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