European

European, or Europeans, may refer to:

See also

The European (newspaper)

The European, billed as "Europe's first national newspaper", was a British weekly newspaper founded by Robert Maxwell. It lasted from 11 May 1990 until December 1998.

Time magazine (15 May 1990) reported that Maxwell originally envisioned a daily with a circulation of 650,000, but by the launch date plans had been cut down to a more realistic weekly with circulation of 225,000. In reality, the circulation peaked at 180,000, over half of which was British.

The Barclay brothers bought the newspaper in 1992, investing an estimated $110 million and in 1996 transforming it into a high-end tabloid format oriented at the business community edited by Andrew Neil.

In 1996, the London-based European had a staff of 70 in London, 3 in Brussels, 1 in Paris, 1 in Berlin, 1 in Moscow, as well as a network of 100 freelance writers throughout Europe.

History

Maxwell founded the paper in the fervor which immediately followed the destruction of the Berlin Wall and collapse of the Iron Curtain - The European's name is a reflection of the feelings of pan-European unity which were brought on by the historic changes, an ideal which Maxwell wholeheartedly supported. Among its innovations was a weekly short fiction contribution from published and previously unpublished writers.

The European (2009 magazine)

The European is a German magazine published in Berlin, Germany. The magazine's name does not describe a thematic of geographic focus but alludes to the discursive tradition of European culture and politics.

History and profile

The European was first published in September 2009. Its publisher and editor-in-chief is Alexander Görlach, former editor-in-chief of Cicero Online, who previously worked for both ZDF and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. The magazine's office is located in Berlin, Germany.

The European features opinion articles, regular columns and interviews. Its claim is "Views, not News". According to its mission statement, "The European is an opinion magazine". Its authors "debate important political and cultural issues within the framework of journalistic news analysis."

Opinion articles are grouped into thematically focused debates and are contributed by outside "experts" from academia, media, politics, business, science, and culture. Prominent contributors include José Manuel Barroso, Fareed Zakaria, Nicholas Siegel, Martti Ahtisaari, Gareth Evans, Joseph Stiglitz, and Steven Pinker. According to Görlach, The European does not have a specific political leaning but strives to bring differing opinions into dialogue with each other. The German version of the magazine also features a growing circle of regular columnists who write about topics that range from domestic politics to gender issues, European economics, digital culture, and the media.

Old World wine

Old World wine refers primarily to wine made in Europe but can also include other regions of the Mediterranean basin with long histories of winemaking such as North Africa and the Near East. The phrase is often used in contrast to "New World wine" which refers primarily to wines from New World wine regions such as the United States, Australia, South America and South Africa. The term "Old World wine" does not refer to a homogeneous style with "Old World wine regions" like Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain each making vastly different styles of wine even within their own borders. Rather, the term is used to describe general differences in viticulture and winemaking philosophies between the Old World regions where tradition and the role of terroir lead versus the New World where science and the role of the winemaker are more often emphasized. In recent times, the globalization of wine and advent of flying winemakers have lessened the distinction between the two terms with winemakers in one region being able to produce wines that can display the traits of the other region—i.e. an "Old World style" wine being produced in a New World wine region like California or Chile and vice versa.

Aircraft camouflage

Aircraft camouflage is the use of camouflage, typically in the form of light and color patterns, applied to military aircraft to make them more difficult to see on the ground, in the air, or to make their speed, distance or attitude harder to determine. Military camouflage is highly dependent upon environmental conditions and is primarily effective against human observers, though some electronic visual acquisition systems can also be confused. It does not hinder radar location or heat-seeking electronics although the paints used may contain substances that can.

Camouflage colours and patterns are subject to considerable experimentation and theorizing, and most countries have explicit specifications as to their application that are sufficiently unique to make it possible to determine the intended operator in many cases even when no national insignia is visible. The colours and patterns have changed over time, both as new theories were tried, and as operational requirements changed. During and after World War II, the Yehudi lights project explored counter-illumination camouflage using lamps to increase the brightness of the aircraft to match the background. Recent experiments have looked at the use of light-emitting active camouflage systems which allow the colours and patterns to be changed to match the background.

Mail (armour)

Mail (chain mail,chainmaille) is a type of armour consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. A coat of this armour is often referred to as a hauberk.

History

The earliest example of mail was found in a Dacian chieftain's burial located in Ciumești, Romania. Its invention is commonly credited to the Celts, but there are examples of Etruscan pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BC. Mail may have been inspired by the much earlier scale armour. Mail spread to North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Tibet, South East Asia, and Japan.

Mail continues to be used in the 21st century as a component of stab-resistant body armour, cut-resistant gloves for butchers and woodworkers, shark-resistant wetsuits for defense against shark bites, and a number of other applications.

Etymology

The origins of the word “mail” are not fully known. One theory is that it originally derives from the Latin word macula, meaning "spot" or “opacity” (as in macula of retina). Another theory relates the word to the old French “maillier”, meaning “to hammer” (related to the modern English word “malleable”). In modern French "maille" refers to a loop or stitch.