Missaglia
—  Comune  —
Comune di Missaglia
Missaglia Location of Missaglia in Italy
Coordinates: 45°42′N 9°20′E / 45.7°N 9.333°E / 45.7; 9.333Coordinates: 45°42′N 9°20′E / 45.7°N 9.333°E / 45.7; 9.333
Country	Italy
Region	Lombardy
Province	Province of Lecco (LC)
Frazioni	Contra, Lomaniga, Maresso, Missagliola
Government
• Mayor	Rosagnese Casiraghi    elected 2007-05-28
Area
• Total	11 km2 (4 sq mi)
Elevation	326 m (1,070 ft)
Population (31 December 2004)
• Total	7,805
• Density	710/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
Demonym	Missagliesi
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	23873
Dialing code	039
Patron saint	San Vittore
Saint day	8 May
Website	Official website

Missaglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian Lombardy region, located at the centre of the area known as the Meratese. As of 2004-12-31, it had a population of 7,805.

The comune, which covers an area of 11 km², contains the frazioni (subdivisions, often villages or hamlets):

• Contra
• Lomaniga
• Maresso
• Missagliola

Missaglia borders the following comuni:

• Casatenovo
• Lomagna
• Montevecchia
• Monticello Brianza
• Osnago
• Perego
• Sirtori
• Viganò

The former town hall, now a library

The former town hall, detail

This Lombardy location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Umberto II
King of Italy (more...)
Reign	9 May 1946 – 12 June 1946
Predecessor	Victor Emmanuel III
Successor	Monarchy abolished Alcide De Gasperi as temporary head of state
Consort	Marie José of Belgium
Issue
Princess Maria Pia Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples Princess Maria Gabriella Princess Maria Beatrice
Full name
Italian: Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria di Savoia
House	House of Savoy
Father	Victor Emmanuel III
Mother	Elena of Montenegro
Born	(1904-09-15)15 September 1904 Racconigi, province of Cuneo, Italy
Died	18 March 1983(1983-03-18) (aged 78) Geneva, Switzerland
Burial	Hautecombe Abbey, France
Signature
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Umberto II, occasionally anglicized as Humbert II (15 September 1904 – 18 March 1983), was the last King of Italy for slightly over a month, from 9 May 1946 to 12 June 1946. He was nicknamed the King of May (Italian: Re di Maggio)

Biography[link]

Umberto was born at the Castle of Racconigi in Piedmont. He was the third child, and the only son, of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Princess Elena of Montenegro.

Umberto was married in Rome on 8 January 1930 to Marie José of Belgium (1906–2001).

They had four children:

• Maria Pia (born 1934),
• Vittorio Emanuele (born 1937),
• Maria Gabriella (born 1940),
• Maria Beatrice (born 1943).

Career as Prince of Piedmont[link]

The Prince of Piedmont was educated to a military career and in time became the commander in chief of the Northern Armies, and then of the Southern ones. However, his role was merely formal, the de facto command belonging to Benito Mussolini. By mutual agreement, Umberto and Mussolini always kept a distance.

State visit to South America, 1924[link]

As Prince of Piedmont, Umberto visited South America, between July and September of 1924. With his preceptor, Bonaldi, he went to Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. This trip was part of the political plan of fascism to link the Italian people living outside of Italy with their mother country and the interests of the regime.

In Brazil, he could not be received by President Arthur Bernardes because the capital of the country in that period, Rio de Janeiro, wasn't safe enough after the conclusion of the Revolta tenentista de 1924, when some junior military officials tried to overthrow Federal government. In São Paulo, the richest and most important state of the country, the rebels dominated the government for some days. Under these conditions, Brazil could receive the Principe only in Bahia, the richest state of the North, at its capital Salvador. On his 20th birthday, Umberto was in Bahia. At that time, the Governor of Bahia was Góis Calmon. All the authorities of state and the members of the Italian colony in the city were very happy and proud about the visit of the Prince. The Prince was accompanied on that trip by Minister of Foreign Affairs Felix Pacheco and the Italian ambassador in Brazil, Pietro Badoglio.

An attempted assassination of the Prince took place in Brussels on 24 October 1929, the day of the announcement of his betrothal to Princess Marie José. The Prince was about to lay a wreath on the Tomb of the Belgian Unknown Soldier at the foot of the Congreskolom. With a cry of 'Down with Mussolini!' the culprit, Fernando de Rosa, fired a single shot that missed the Prince of Piedmont. De Rosa was arrested and under interrogation claimed to be a member of the Second International.

The Prince and the Princess of Piedmont in 1930.

It has been conjectured that Mussolini had collected a secret dossier on Umberto, but this folder (which is said to have been found after the dictator was shot), was never seen publicly.

Following the Savoyards' tradition ("Only one Savoy reigns at a time"), he kept apart from active politics until he was finally named Lieutenant General of the Realm. Only in one case, while he was in Germany for a royal wedding, did he make an exception—Adolf Hitler asked for a meeting. This action was not considered proper, given the international situation, and afterwards Umberto was even more rigorously excluded from political events.

On 29 October 1942, Umberto was awarded the rank of Marshal of Italy (Maresciallo d'Italia).

In 1943, the Crown Princess Maria José, the daughter of King Albert I of Belgium, involved herself in vain attempts to arrange a separate peace treaty between Italy and the United States, and her interlocutor from the Vatican was Monsignor Giovanni Battista Montini, a senior diplomat who later became Pope Paul VI. Her attempts were not sponsored by the king and Umberto was not (directly, at least) involved in them. After her failure–she never met the American agents–she was sent with her children to Sarre, in Aosta Valley, and isolated from the political life of the Royal House.

Umberto II of Italy visiting Cairo.

Regency[link]

As the Allies freed more and more of Italy from the puppet Salò regime, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his previous support of Fascism to have any further role. Accordingly, in April 1944, he transferred most of his powers to Umberto. This status was formalized after Rome was liberated in June, when Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining constitutional powers to Umberto, naming his son Lieutenant General of the Realm. However, Victor Emmanuel retained the title of king.

King of Italy[link]

Royal Monogram

Umberto earned widespread praise for his role in the following three years. Some believe that had his father handed over the throne in 1943, the monarchy would have won the 1946 referendum on its survival. As it was, Victor Emmanuel didn't formally abdicate in favor of his son until 9 May 1946.

Many Italian monarchists expressed doubts about the correctness of the referendum, claiming that millions of voters, many of them pro-monarchist, were unable to vote because they had not yet been able to return to their own local areas to register. Nor had the issue of Italy's borders been settled definitively, so the voting rights of those in disputed areas had not been satisfactorily clarified. Other allegations were made about voter manipulation, and even the issue of how to interpret the votes became controversial, as it appeared that not just a majority of those validly voting but of those votes cast (including spoiled votes), was needed to reach an outcome in the event the monarchy lost by a tight margin.

Umberto served as king for 34 days. He and his wife were both young and cultivated, and thus presented a stark contrast to Victor Emmanuel. It was to no avail, however—a decisive majority voted to make Italy a republic. Having promised to accept the election results, Umberto accepted the defeat, urging his now-former subjects to serve the new republic. The monarchy formally ended on 12 June 1946, and Umberto left the country. Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi assumed office as Italy's interim Head of State.

Private Life[link]

Umberto and Maria José separated in exile; it was an arranged marriage, following a long tradition of royal families.

Some academics^[1] have explored Umberto's possible homosexuality. As early as the 1920s, Mussolini had collected a dossier on his private life for purposes of blackmail. Certainly during the war, newspapers asserted that Umberto was homosexual, and information continued to be spread in the lead-up to the post-war referendum on the monarchy in the hope of influencing the outcome. It is, however, unclear to what extent such rumours could be substantiated. Umberto's custom of giving a fleur-de-lis made of precious stones to favoured young officials in his entourage was well known, and Umberto's lovers may have included Luchino Visconti and Jean Marais;^[2] as a former army lieutenant who published details of Umberto's advances to him.^[3] Except for public appearances, Umberto and Maria Jose generally lived apart.^[4]

In exile[link]

King Umberto lived for 37 years in exile, in Cascais in Portugal. He never set foot in his native land again; the 1947 constitution of the Italian Republic not only forbade the restoration of the monarchy, but until 2002 barred all male heirs to the defunct Italian throne from ever returning to Italian soil. Female members of the Savoy family were not barred except consort queens.

Umberto traveled extensively during exile, and was often to be seen in Mexico visiting his daughter, and in the company of friends like Commendatore Flavio Mansi Tazzer.

President Sandro Pertini wanted Umberto to be allowed to return to his native country by the Italian parliament when he was dying in 1983. Ultimately, however, he died in Geneva and was interred in Hautecombe Abbey. No representative of the Italian government attended his funeral.

Honours[link]

• Grand Master of the Supreme Order of the Annunziata
• Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
• Grand Master of the Civil Order of Savoy
• Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Italy
• Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece
• Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert
• Knight of the Order of Saint Januarius
• Knight of the Order of the Elephant
• Knight of the Order of the Seraphim
• Knight of the Order of Saint Andrew
• Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky
• Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
• Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Anne
• Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I of Romania
• Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold I
• Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
• Bailiff Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George^[5]

Patrilineal descent[link]

Ancestry and even the very filiation of Humbert I of Savoy is not clear, as there are four possibilities, one of them giving him a Teutonic ancestry including as his ancestor Widukind.^[6][7][8] Christian Settipani proved through contemporary documents that Arnulf of Metz and his ancestors were Frankish in the male line, since they were ruled by the Frankish Law.

1. Humbert I of Savoy, 980–1047
2. Otto of Savoy, 1015–1057
3. Amadeus II of Savoy, 1039–1080
4. Humbert II of Savoy, 1070–1103
5. Amadeus III of Savoy, 1095–1148
6. Humbert III of Savoy, 1135–1189
7. Thomas I of Savoy, 1176–1233
8. Thomas II, Count of Piedmont, 1199–1259
9. Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, 1251–1323
10. Aimone, Count of Savoy, 1291–1343
11. Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, 1334–1383
12. Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy, 1360–1391
13. Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, 1383–1451
14. Louis, Duke of Savoy, 1402–1465
15. Philip II, Duke of Savoy, 1438–1497
16. Charles III, Duke of Savoy, 1486–1553
17. Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, 1528–1580
18. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, 1562–1630
19. Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano, 1596–1656
20. Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignan, 1628–1709
21. Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignan, 1690–1741
22. Louis Victor, Prince of Carignan, 1721–1778
23. Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignan, 1743–1780
24. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignan, 1770–1800
25. Charles Albert of Sardinia, 1798–1849
26. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, 1820–1878
27. Umberto I of Italy, 1844–1900
28. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, 1869–1947
29. Umberto II of Italy, 1904–1983

See also[link]

• Fascism
• Benito Mussolini
• Birth of the Italian Republic
• List of shortest reigning monarchs of all time

References[link]

Additional reading[link]

• Denis Mack Smith Italy and Its Monarchy (Yale University Press, 1989)
• Robert Katz The Fall of the House of Savoy

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Umberto II of Italy

• Royal House of Italy
• Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
• a portrait of his
• Website with Information on Italian Royal news stories