Amir Solsky

Monday, 11 February 2013

Contra Mestre Parafina's (Amir Solsky) Fun Warmup

Amir Solsky and Sasha Fedortchev Hand Balancing

Journey stores commercial with Capoeira Los Angeles CM.Parafina

the Solsky Circus- Acro balance at its best!

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Afghanistan
Afghanistan ⁱ/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km² (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.

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Bukhara
Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро Bukhoro, Persian: بخارا; Uzbek: Buxoro; Russian: Бухара Bukhara), from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky place"), is the capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat) of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 263,400 (2009 census estimate). The region around Bukhara has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous mosques and madrassas, has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Ethnic Uzbek may constitute the largest element in Bukhara, with the native Tajiks being as numerous. The city long has had a mixed population including Jews and other ethnic minorities.
Bukhara was known as Bokhara in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe（捕喝） in Tang Chinese.
Persian-speaking Soghdians inhabited the area, and some centuries later the Persian language became dominant among them. Encyclopædia Iranica mentions that the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Soghdian βuxārak (Place of Good Fortune).

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Egypt
Egypt ⁱ/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

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Kano
Kano is a city in Nigeria and the capital of Kano State in Northern Nigeria. Its metropolitan population is the second largest in Nigeria after Lagos. The Kano Urban area covers 137 km² and comprises six Local Government Area (LGAs) - Kano Municipal, Fagge, Dala, Gwale, Tarauni and Nassarawa - with a population of 2,163,225 at the 2006 Nigerian census. The Metropolitan Area covers 499 km² and comprises eight LGAs - the six mentioned above plus Ungogo and Kumbotso - with a population of 2,828,861 at the 2006 Nigerian census.
The principal inhabitants of the city are of the Hausa people. As in most parts of Northern Nigeria, the Hausa Language is widely spoken in Kano. The city is the capital of the Kano Emirate, and the current Emir, Ado Bayero, has been on the throne since 1963. The city is home to the Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport, the main airport serving northern Nigeria and was named after Nigerian politician Aminu Kano.
In the 7th century, Dala Hill, a residual hill in Kano, was the site of a hunting and gathering community that engaged in iron work; it is unknown whether these were Hausa people or speakers of Niger–Congo languages. Kano was originally known as Dala, after the hill, and was referred to as such as late as the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th by Bornoan sources.

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Kingdom of Egypt
The Kingdom of Egypt (Egyptian Arabic: المملكه المصريه, literally, the Egyptian Kingdom), was the independent Egyptian state established under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1922 following the recognition of Egyptian independence by the United Kingdom. The legal status of Egypt had hitherto been highly convoluted, due to its de facto breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805, its occupation by Britain in 1882, and its transformation into a sultanate and British protectorate in 1914. In line with the change in status from sultanate to kingdom, the Sultan of Egypt, Fuad I, saw his title changed to King.
The kingdom's sovereignty was subject to severe limitations imposed by the British, who retained enormous control over Egyptian affairs, and whose military continued to occupy the country. Throughout the kingdom's existence, Sudan was formally united with Egypt, however, actual Egyptian authority in Sudan was largely nominal, due to Britain's role as the dominant power in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

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Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait ⁱ/kuːˈweɪt/ (Arabic: دولة الكويت‎, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic أكوات ākwāt, the plural of كوت kūt, meaning a fortress built near water. The country covers an area of 17,820 square kilometers (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 3.5 million.
Historically, the region was the site of Characene, a major Parthian port for trade between Mesopotamia and India. The Bani Utbah tribe were the first permanent Arab settlers in the region, and laid the foundation of the modern emirate. By the 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, and after World War I, it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait's large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s.

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Lebanon
Lebanon (ⁱ/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان‎ Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎ al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.

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Mecca
Mecca ( /ˈmɛkə/; Arabic: مكة‎, Makkah, pronounced [ˈmækːɐ]) is a city in the Hejaz and the capital of Makkah province in Saudi Arabia. The city is located 70 km (43 mi) inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its resident population in 2012 was 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during Hajj period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhu al-Hijjah.
As the birthplace of Muhammad and a site of the composition of the Quran, Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory upon all able Muslims. The Hijaz was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger empires. It was absorbed into Saudi Arabia in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure. Because of this Mecca has lost many thousand years old buildings and archaeological sites. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan and diverse cities in the Muslim world, although non-Muslims remain prohibited from entering the city.

wn.com/Mecca
Nigeria
Nigeria ⁱ/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims in the North and Christians in the South; a very small minority practice traditional religion. Since 2002 there have been a spate of clashes, particularly in the North of the country, between government forces and the Islamists Boko Haram, militant jihadists who seek to establish sharia law.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.

wn.com/Nigeria
Pakistan
Pakistan (ⁱ/ˈpækɨstæn/ or ⁱ/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.

wn.com/Pakistan
Qatar
Qatar (ⁱ/ˈkɑːtɑr/ or ⁱ/kəˈtɑr/;Arabic: قطر‎ [ˈqɑtˤɑr]; local vernacular pronunciation: [ɡɪtˤɑr]), also known as the country or State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island state of Bahrain.
Qatar has been ruled as an absolute monarchy by Al Thani family since the mid-19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted mainly for pearling, it became independent in 1971, and has become one of the region's wealthiest states due to its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani became Emir when he seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup d'état. The most important positions in Qatar are held by the members of the Al Thani family, or close confidants of the al-Thani family. Beginning in 1992, Qatar has built intimate military ties with the United States, and is now the location of U.S. Central Command’s Forward Headquarters and the Combined Air Operations Center.

wn.com/Qatar
Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.

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Abdullah Bughra
Abdullah Bughra (died 1934) (Uyghur: عبد الله بۇغرا‎), was a Uighur Emir of the First East Turkestan Republic. He was the younger brother of Muhammad Amin Bughra and older brother of Emir Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra. He commanded Uighur and Kirghiz forces during the Battle of Kashgar (1934) against the Chinese Muslim 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army). The Chinese Muslims were loyal to the Chinese government, and wanted to crush the Turkic Muslim Uighurs and Kirghiz in revenge for the Kizil massacre. He also had a bodyguard of Afghans protecting him. He was killed in 1934 at Yarkand by Chinese Muslim troops under general Ma Zhancang. All of Abdullah's fighters were killed, but his body was never found, that later gave rise to speculations about his fate. The British newspaper "The Times" reported that a turki chief was beheaded on August 25, 1933. However, since Abdullah was killed one year later, in 1934, Timur Beg was most likely the Uighur that the newspaper was referring to.
Several sources state that Abdullah's head was cut off after he was killed, and sent to Id Kah Mosque to be put on display.

wn.com/Abdullah_Bughra
Ali
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب, Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; 13^thRajab, 24 BH–21^stRamaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661). The son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam.Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.
Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that since Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad, but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.

wn.com/Ali
Mirza
Mirza (Persian: میرزا, Turkish: Mirza, Kazakh: мырза, myrza, Russian: мурза, Circassian: мырзэ), (common variance in Tatar nobility as Morza) is of Persian origin, denoting the rank of a high nobleman or Prince. It is usually translated into English as a royal or imperial Prince of the Blood. It signified male-line descent and relationship to the Imperial Families of Turkey, Persia and later South Asia and was the title borne by members of the highest aristocracies in Tatar states, such as Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Astrakhan and in the Russian Empire (Under Catherine the Great's rule the Murzas gained equal rights with the Russian nobility). In fact, Prince Felix Yusupov, the nephew-in-law of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was descended from Abdul Mirza, the first Prince Yusopov.
The word Mīrzā is derived from the Persian term ‘Amīrzāde which literally means "child of the ‘Amīr" or "child of the ruler" in Persia‘Amīrzād in turn consists of the Arabic title ‘Amīr (engl. Emir), meaning "commander", and the Persian suffix -zād, meaning "birth" or "lineage". Due to vowel harmony in Turkic languages, the alternative pronunciation Morza (plural morzalar; derived from the Persian word) is also used. In modern Kazakh myrza means gentleman, as is in the expression "hanymdar men myrzalar" (ladies and gentlemen).

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Mohammed Alim Khan
Emir Said Mir Mohammed Alim Khan Persian: امیر عالم خان‎ (January 3, 1880–April 28, 1944) was the last emir of the Manghit dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Bukhara in Central Asia. Although Bukhara was a protectorate of the Russian Empire from 1873, the Emir presided over the internal affairs of his emirate as absolute monarch and reigned from January 3, 1911 to August 30, 1920.
At the age of thirteen, Alim Khan was sent by his father Emir Abdulahad Khan to Saint Petersburg for three years to study government and modern military techniques. In 1896, having received formal confirmation as Crown Prince of Bukhara by the Russian government, he returned home.
After two years in Bukhara assisting in his father's administration, he was appointed governor of Nasef region for the next twelve years. He was then transferred to the northern province of Karmana, which he ruled for another two years, until receiving word in 1910 of his father's death.
Alim Khan's rule began with promise. Initially, he declared that he would no longer expect or accept any gifts, and prohibited his officials from demanding bribes from the public, or imposing taxes on their own authority. However, as time went by the Emir's attitude towards bribes, taxes, and state salaries changed. The conflict between the traditionalists and the reformists ended with the traditionalists in control, and the reformers in exile in Moscow or Kazan. It is thought that Alim Khan, who initially favored modernization and the reformists, realised that their eventual goals included no place for either him or his descendants as rulers. Like his predecessors, Alim Khan was a traditional ruler. He toyed with the idea of reform as a tool to keep the clergy in line, and only as long as he saw the possibility of using it to strengthen Manghit rule.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Mohammed_Alim_Khan
Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد‎), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ‎) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.

wn.com/Muhammad
Muhammad Amin Bughra
Muhammad Amin Bughra also Muḥammad Amīn Bughra (1901–1965) (Uyghur: محمد أمين بۇغرا‎), Муххамад Эмин Бугро, Chinese: 穆罕默德·伊敏; pinyin: Mùhǎnmòdé·Yīmǐn (sometimes known by his Turkish name Mehmet Emin Bugra) was a Turkic Muslim leader, who planned to set up an independent state, the First East Turkestan Republic.
In the spring of 1937, rebellion again broke out in southern Sinkiang. A number of factors contributed to the outbreak. In an effort to appease the Turkic Muslims, Sheng Shicai had appointed a number of their non-secessionist leaders, including Khoja Niyaz Hajji and Yulbars Khan, another leader of the Kumul uprising (February 20, 1931- November 30, 1931), to positions of influence in the provincial government, both in Di Hua (modern Ürümqi) and Kashgar.
At the same time, educational reforms, which attacked basic Islamic principles, and the atheistic propaganda program, which was being extended into the south, were further alienating the local population from Sheng's administration. In Kashgar Mahmud Sijang, a wealthy Muslim, former leader of the Turpan uprising (1932), and one of Sheng's appointees, became the focal point for opposition to the government.

wn.com/Muhammad_Amin_Bughra
Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra
Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra (d. April 16, 1934) (Uyghur: نور احمد جان بۇغرا‎), was an Uighur Emir of the First East Turkestan Republic. He was the younger brother of Muhammad Amin Bughra and Abdullah Bughra. He commanded Uighur and Kirghiz forces during the Battle of Kashgar (1934) against the Chinese Muslim 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army). The Chinese Muslims were loyal to the Republic of China government, and wanted to crush the Turkic Muslim Uighurs and Kirghiz in revenge for the Kizil massacre, in which Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra had taken part. He was killed on April 16, 1934 at Yangi Hissar by Chinese Muslim troops under generals Ma Zhancang and Ma Fuyuan. All of Nur Ahmad Jan's 2,500 Uighur and Kirghiz fighters were exterminated by the 10,000 strong Chinese Muslim army.
It was reported by Ahmad Kamal in his book "Land Without Laughter" on page 130-131, that Nur Ahmad Jan's was beheaded by the Chinese Muslim troops and the head was used in a football game at the parade ground.

wn.com/Nur_Ahmad_Jan_Bughra
Sayyid
Sayyid (pronounced [ˈsæjjɪd], or [ˈsæjjed], Arabic: سيد‎; meaning Mister; plural Sadah Arabic: سادة‎, Sādah) is an honorific title, it denotes males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husain ibn Ali, sons of the prophet's daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib.
Daughters of sayyids are given the titles Sayyida, Alawiyah, Syarifah, or Sharifah. Children of a Sayyida mother but a non-Sayyid father cannot be attributed the title of Sayyid, however they may claim the title Mirza for males or Mirziya for females. Sayyids are by definition a branch of the tribe of Banu Hashim, a clan from the tribe of Quraish that traces its lineage to Adnan and thence to the Prophet Ismael.
In the Arab world, it is the equivalent of the English word "liege-lord" or "master" when referring to a descendant of Muhammad, as in Sayyid John Smith. This is the reason the word sidi (from the contracted form sayyidī, 'my liege') is used in the Moroccan dialect of Arabic.

wn.com/Sayyid
Tony Jay
Tony Jay (February 2, 1933 – August 13, 2006) was an English actor, voice actor and singer. A former member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, he was known for his voice work in animation, film and computer games. Jay's distinctive baritone voice often landed him villainous roles. He is best known as the voice of Claude Frollo in Walt Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Shere Khan in The Jungle Book 2, Lord Dregg during the final two seasons of the original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the Chief in the Super Secret Secret Squirrel segment of 2 Stupid Dogs, Galactus and Terrax in The Fantastic Four, Chairface Chippendale in The Tick, Anubis in Gargoyles, Magneto in X-Men Legends, the Narrator in Skeleton Warriors, the Elder God in the Legacy of Kain series, and the virus Megabyte in the award-winning CG-I animated series ReBoot.
Jay appeared on-screen in several movies and on television, including Love and Death, Twins, Night Court and Eerie, Indiana. He also developed a career in the theatre, in plays such as The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, Great Expectations, and The Merchant of Venice. Jay's other non-animation roles included Paracelsus on the 1987 CBS series Beauty and the Beast; Minister Campio on Star Trek: The Next Generation; and Lex Luthor's villainous aide-de-camp Nigel St. John in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.

wn.com/Tony_Jay
Yazidi
The Yazidi (also Yezidi, Kurdish: ئێزیدی or Êzidî) are a Kurdish ethnoreligious group with Indo-Iranian roots. They currently live primarily in the Nineveh Province of northern Iraq. Additional communities in Transcaucasia, Armenia, Turkey, and Syria have been in decline since the 1990s, their members having emigrated to Europe, especially to Germany. Their religion, Yazidism, is a branch of Yazdânism, and is seen as a highly syncretic complex of local Kurdish beliefs that contains Zoroastrian elements and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to the area by Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir in the 12th century. The Yazidi believe in God as creator of the world, which he placed under the care of seven holy beings or angels, the chief of whom is Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel.
Historically, the Yazidi lived primarily in communities in what are now Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, and also had significant numbers in Armenia and Georgia. However, events since the 20th century have resulted in considerable demographic shift in these areas as well as mass emigration. As a result population estimates are unclear in many regions, and estimates of the size of the total population vary.

wn.com/Yazidi

Contra Mestre Parafina's (Amir Solsky) Fun Warmup

Contra Mestre Parafina's (Amir Solsky) Fun Warmup. We do not own the music by Calvin Harri...

published: 11 Nov 2012

author: Amir Solsky

Amir Solsky (Capoeira Stunt)

This is realy cool....

published: 17 Sep 2006

author: Nicktendo30

Amir Solsky and Sasha Fedortchev Hand Balancing

Amir and Sasha hand balancing....

published: 24 Nov 2011

author: FOMandNutrition

amir solsky's stunt demo

it is my stunt demo!...

published: 02 Jul 2008

author: amir solsky

Fight Science Amir Solsky LQ

Documentario do National Geographic, com lutadores de todo o mundo. Essa é a parte que tem...

published: 26 Jan 2009

author: amir solsky

Journey stores commercial with Capoeira Los Angeles CM.Parafina

Nation Wide commercial with Amir Solsky and Capoeira Los Angeles...

published: 18 Feb 2012

author: amir solsky

Capoeira Nation - Spotlight Capoeira

MUSIC AVAILABLE HERE: mazedude.bandcamp.com Capoeira Nation - Spotlight Capoeira. Featurin...

published: 27 Nov 2007

author: mazedude

Amir Solsky at Universal Citywalk

Capoeira Los Angeles Demonstration...

published: 06 Aug 2006

author: kaihuang6647

Air Walk Ring Work with Amir Solsky

Air Walk Ring Work With Amir Solsky...

published: 15 Dec 2012

author: Amir Solsky

the Solsky Circus- Acro balance at its best!

Ze'ev Solsky and Amir Solsky in an amatuer hand balacing act....

published: 10 Sep 2009

author: amir solsky

Balancing elements work by Amir Solsky

Balancing elements work by Amir Solsky...

published: 12 Dec 2012

author: Amir Solsky

Box HeSPu and HeSPu with Amir Solsky

Box HeSPu and HeSPu with Amir Solsky...

published: 11 Nov 2012

author: Amir Solsky

Beginner Tuck Planche Push Up with Amir Solsky

Beginner Tuck Planche Push Up with Amir Solsky...

published: 11 Nov 2012

author: Amir Solsky

Building up to box HSPU with Amir Solsky

Building up to box HSPU with Amir Solsky...

published: 12 Dec 2012

author: Amir Solsky

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photo: AP / Ugarit News via AP video

This image taken from video obtained from Ugarit News on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show Syrian soldiers dancing to Usher's hit song "Yeah!"

Amid a Bloody War, Syrian Videos Show a Glimpse of Fun

The New York Times

09 Feb 2013

BEIRUT, Lebanon — The video has gone viral in recent days. Syrian government soldiers, in camouflage gear, carrying rocket-propelled grenades and brandishing rifles, mugging for the camera while dancing in a circle to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Enlarge This Image. Ugarit News, via Associated Press. In a video posted online, Syrian soldiers chant and dance to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Related. U.N ... Twitter List ... Raw ... ....(size: 8.2Kb)

photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb

File - Palestinian Salafis "al-Qaeda" burning U.S. and Israeli flags as they burn an image of U.S. President Barack Obama during a protest against what they said was a film being produced in the U.S. that was insulting to the Prophet Mohammad in Rafah in southern Gaza Strip on September 14, 2012.

Tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring

Mail Guardian South Africa

10 Feb 2013

A protester holds a banner reading "Be careful Mr President Hollande, Tunisia is not Mali" at a demonstration in Tunis on February 9. (AP). More Coverage. Late last year, largely unnoticed in the West, Tunisia's president, Moncef Marzouki, gave an interview to Chatham House's The World Today ... "We didn't realise how dangerous and violent these Salafists could be ... They are a tiny minority within a tiny minority ... Threats ... ....(size: 13.5Kb)

photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez

Nigeria supporters root for their team as it plays Costa Rica during the FIFA U20 World Cup soccer tournament in Victoria, Canada, Sunday, July 1, 2007. Decked out in green-and-white striped toques and matching T-shirts, 90 members of the Nigeria Football Supporters' Club followed their men's youth team all the way from western Africa to Victoria for the tournament.

Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams

FourFourTwo

10 Feb 2013

Top scorer Emenike fails to make final for Nigeria. Africa Cup of Nations 7 minutes ago. Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams. Africa Cup of Nations 21 minutes ago. Blatter angry with UEFA over declaration on FIFA reforms. Rest of Europe 1 hours ago. Mali bank on Keita to deliver first World Cup place. Africa Cup of Nations 1 hours ago. Nigeria start favourites in African Nations Cup final ... Rest of Europe Yesterday, 22.28....(size: 6.8Kb)

photo: AP / Jerome Delay

A Malian soldier takes cover behind a truck during exchanges of fire with jihadists in Gao, northern Mali, Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013.

Militants Battle Malian and French Troops in Liberated Town

The New York Times

10 Feb 2013

DAKAR, Senegal — Gunfire rang out in the streets of the strategic city of Gao in northern Mali on Sunday, two weeks after French troops appeared to have chased radical Islamists out of the city, which is at the edge of the desert and is the largest population center in the north. Multimedia. Interactive Feature. Turmoil in the Sahara. Related. Mali War Shifts as Rebels Hide in High Sahara (February 10, 2013) ... Twitter List ... Mr ...   ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)

photo: AP / Elaine Thompson

A Boeing 777-367 (ER) Cathay Pacific jet is guided to a parking spot by a marshaller at Paine Field Tuesday, Feb. 5, 2013, in Everett, Wash.

Boeing 787 on test flight, 1st since grounding

Jakarta Post

10 Feb 2013

Boeing sent a 787 up on a test flight Saturday, the first since the new airliner was grounded three weeks ago because of a battery fire ... The plan was to spend two and a half hours in the air ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

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Pretend you were there with all of these DICE 2013 presentation videos

Joystiq

11 Feb 2013

Engadget has a one-stop shop for all of the DICE 2013 talks you may have missed, including Supergiant Games' Amir Rao on multiplatformism, Quantic Dream's David Cage with "The Peter Pan Syndrome ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

Gay scores 20 points, Lucas matches season high with 19 as Raptors beat Hornets 102-89

Star Tribune

11 Feb 2013

Kyle Lowry had 14 points and 10 assists and Amir Johnson scored 14 points for the Raptors, who won consecutive games for the first time since beating Philadelphia and Charlotte on Jan ......(size: 0.9Kb)

Raptors upend Hornets 102-89

The News Tribune

11 Feb 2013

Kyle Lowry had 14 points and 10 assists and Amir Johnson scored 14 points for the Raptors, who won consecutive games for the first time since beating ......(size: 0.8Kb)

Vote: Will the Rudy Gay trade save Bryan Colangelo's job?

CBC

11 Feb 2013

In that game, Gay scored 17 of his 23 points in the fourth quarter, hustled for a steal off the Pacers' in-bounds pass to set up Amir Johnson for the game’s tying basket of regulation time ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

Raptors 10 2 Hornets 89

Canada Dot Com

11 Feb 2013

John Lucas scored 10 of his 19 points in the fourth quarter, and Amir ......(size: 0.4Kb)

Raptors coach loves Valanciunas' energy level

Toronto Sun

11 Feb 2013

Article Tweet. Jonas Valanciunas is back among the starters and showing no signs of ever heading back to the bench ... Valanciunas and Amir Johnson held down the fort in his absence while Casey took the opportunity to go with a small lineup at times Sunday with Alan Anderson and Landry Fields both taking turns at the four spot ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)

St. John's basketball mourns loss of Steve Lavin's father, Cap, a treasured memeber of Red Storm family

New York Daily News

11 Feb 2013

SYRACUSE – The St. John’s players and coaching staff mourned the death of coach Steve Lavin’s father Cap on Sunday as if they had lost a member of their own family. There is good reason. To a man, the Johnnies all said that Cap was like family ... He was 82 ... On Dec ... . He paid attention to every little thing,” Amir Garrett said. ....(size: 1.7Kb)

Seminar to stop crimes against women in Chandigarh

The Times of India

11 Feb 2013

CHANDIGARH. A seminar on empowerment of society to stop crimes against women was held at Rajyoga Bhawan, Sector 33-A, Chandigarh. The seminar was organized by zonal office of Brahma Kumaris organization. S.K ... Rita Kohli, Add ... Brhma Kumar Amir Chand, National Vice Chairperson of Social service Wing of RERF said that there is need to introduce value based upbringing of children in homes and schools ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)

Drug menace brings NRI to Punjab

The Times of India

11 Feb 2013

LUDHIANA ... Kahlon belongs to Ludhiana and is chairman of the Drug Awareness Foundation Canada (DAFC). According to president of Punjabi Sahitya Akademi (PSA) Gurbhajan Gill, Kahlon has earned distinction in the Punjabi community ... A lifestyle change is required," he said ... Ragi Harjinder Singh Srinagar will sing shabads and prominent preachers like Giani Pinderpal Singh and Giani Amir Singh of Jawaddi Taksal, Ludhiana, will educate masses ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

Gay and Raptors pull away in fourth quarter, beat Hornets

TSN Canada

11 Feb 2013

TORONTO -- Rudy Gay had a game-high 20 points and Kyle Lowry added 14 points and 10 assists as the Toronto Raptors defeated the New Orleans Hornets 102-89 on Sunday. John Lucas scored 10 of his 19 points in the fourth quarter and Amir Johnson chipped in 14 points with seven rebounds as Toronto (19-32) won its second straight and improved to .500 at the Air Canada Centre this season (13-13) ... 28, 2011 - Jan ... Notes ... ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

Writers, artists live in anxiety in Pakistan: Farooqi

DNA India

11 Feb 2013

With political instability and extremism rising in Pakistan, noted Pakistani writer Musharraf Ali Farooqi feels artists and writers in his country live in anxiety and sometimes find it difficult to pen their thoughts ... Farooqi is a PEN award-winning translator who has done critically-acclaimed translations of such works as The Adventures of Amir Hamza by Ghalib Lakhnavi and writings of Abdullah Bilgrami and Hoshruba ... Tweet . ....(size: 3.2Kb)

Wrestling: Cardinals clinch league championship

North Jersey

11 Feb 2013

PHOTO BY JOE SARNO ... It's a hard thing to do." ... At 4.32, he scored the pin. ... Other winners for the Cardinals were Kyle Flynn (106 pounds, fall at 1.25), Amir Aboudayya (113, forfeit), Chase Monarque (120, forfeit), Craig Calderone (126, fall 1.46), Pat Gundlah (132, fall 0.42), Pat Dowling (138, fall 0.37), Jake Valdez (145, 8-4 decision), Hunter McConnell (195, fall 0.20), Vojo Cogura (220, forfeit), and Gine Rodriguez (285, fall 1.57)....(size: 13.1Kb)

102-89. Gay guía a los Raptors a su segunda victoria consecutiva

U~T San Diego

11 Feb 2013

Redacción Deportes (EE.UU.), 10 feb (EFE). — El alero Rudy Gay reivindicó su condición de nuevo líder encestador de los Raptors de Toronto y anotó 20 puntos que les ayudaron a ganar 10289 a los Hornets de Nueva Orleans, en duelo de equipos con marca perdedora y últimos en sus respectivas divisiones ... El alapívot Amir Johnson y el base Kyle Lowry encestaron 14 puntos cada uno ... Comentarios () ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

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Not to be confused with European Market Infrastructure Regulation.

"Amir" redirects here. For other persons, see Amir (name). For other uses, see Amir (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)

The court of the Afghan Durrani Empire in 1839.

File:TheTalpurSons.jpg

Talpur emirs from Sindh, Pakistan

Emir (pronounced [eˈmiːr], Arabic: أمير‎ ʾAmīr (Feminine: Emira, أميرة ʾAmīrah), meaning "commander", "general", or "prince"; also transliterated as Amir, Aamir or Ameer) is a title of high office, used throughout the Muslim world. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking Sheikhs, but in monarchic states the term is also used for Princes, with "Emirate" being analogous to a sovereign principality.

While Emir is a common transliteration in English and other languages, the form Amir is found for numerous compounds (e.g. admiral) and names. Transliteration differs depending on the sources consulted.

1 Origins
2 Princely, ministerial and noble titles
3 Military ranks and titles
4 Other uses
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References

Origins [link]

Amir, meaning "chieftain" or "commander", is derived from the Arabic root '-m-r, "command". Originally simply meaning commander or leader, usually in reference to a group of people, it came to be used as a title for governors or rulers, usually in smaller states, and in modern Arabic is analogous to the English word "prince". The word entered English in 1593, from the French émir.^[1] It was one of the titles or names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Princely, ministerial and noble titles [link]

Mohammed Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara, taken in 1911 by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky.

The monarchs of Qatar and Kuwait are currently titled Emirs.
The caliphs first used the title Amir al-Muminin or "Commander of the Faithful", stressing their leadership over all Islam, especially in the military form of jihad; both this command and the title have been assumed by various other Muslim rulers, including Sultans and Emirs. For Shiite Muslims, they still give this title to the Caliph Ali as Amir al Muminin.
The Abbasid (in theory still universal) Caliph Ar-Radi created the post of Amir al-Umara ("Amir of the Amirs") for his – in fact governing – Wazir (chief minister) Ibn Raik; the title was used in various Islamic monarchies; see below for military use
In Lebanon, the ruling Emir formally used the style al-Amir al-Hakim since, specifying it was still a ruler's title. Note that the title was held by Christians as well.

Member of the court of the Emir of Kano, Nigeria. October 2006

The word Emir is also used less formally for leaders in certain contexts. For example, the leader of a group of pilgrims to Mecca is called an Emir hadji, a title sometimes used by ruling princes (as a mark of Muslim piety) which is sometimes awarded in their name. Where an adjectival form is necessary, "Emiral" suffices.
Amirzade, the son (hence the Persian patronymic suffix -zade) of a prince, hence the Persian princely title Mirza.
The traditional rulers of the predominantly Muslim northern regions of Nigeria are known as Emirs, while the titular sovereign of their now defunct empire is formally styled as the Sultan of Sokoto, Amir-al-Muminin (or Sarkin Musulmi in the Hausa language).
The temporal leader of the Yazidi people is known as an Emir or Prince.

Military ranks and titles [link]

Mughal Amir on Horseback, from the Large Clive Album

Entrance to the Amir's palace in Bukhara. From a photograph taken ca. 1912 by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii.

From the start, Emir has been a military title, roughly meaning "general" or "commander."

The Western naval rank "admiral" comes from the Arabic naval title amir al-bahr, general at sea, which has been used for naval commanders and occasionally the Ministers of Marine.

In certain decimally-organized Muslim armies, Amir was an officer rank. For example, in Mughal India Amirs commanded 1000 horsemen (divided into ten units, each under a Sipah salar), ten of them under one Malik. In the imperial army of Qajar Persia:

Amir-i-Nuyan,
Amir Panj, "Commander of 5,000"
Amir-i-Tuman, "Commander of 10,000"
Amir ul-Umara, "Amir of Amirs" (cfr. supra) or 'Commander of Commanders'

In the former Kingdom of Afghanistan, Amir-i-Kabir was a title meaning "great prince" or "great commander."

Muhammad Amin Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, and Abdullah Bughra declared themselves Emirs of the First East Turkestan Republic.

Other uses [link]

Amir-i-Il designates the head of an Il (tribe) in imperial Persia.

In addition to being an Arabic name, Amir is also a common Muslim male name for both Arab and non-Arab Muslims, taken from Arabic just as the Western name Rex ("king") is borrowed from Latin while Amira is a common Muslim female name. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the female name Emira, often interpreted as "princess", is a derivative of the male name Emir.

Notes [link]

^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=amir&searchmode=none EtymologyOnLine

References [link]

WorldStatesmen Religious Organisations - see also many present Muslim countries

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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Contents

Origins [link]

Princely, ministerial and noble titles [link]

Military ranks and titles [link]

Other uses [link]

See also [link]

Specific emirates of note [link]

Islamic titles [link]

Emirs in fiction [link]

Notes [link]

References [link]

http://wn.com/Emir

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Emiro

http://cs.wn.com/Emír

http://id.wn.com/Emir

http://es.wn.com/Emir

http://ru.wn.com/Эмир

http://nl.wn.com/Emir

http://pl.wn.com/Emir

http://fr.wn.com/Émir

http://de.wn.com/Emir

http://hi.wn.com/अमीर

http://pt.wn.com/Emir